Empowering Diverse Populations Essay Example for Free

Empowering Diverse Populations Essay Firstly, with this article, the usage of the term ‘minority groups’ and ‘minority’ was somehow in opposition to what the article posited about cultural competence and sensitivity. Being a Latino male myself, the author thinks that these two terms are derogatory and add to the ‘debilitating effect’ that the article itself posited. The article mentioned language and words which were used to create oppression within ethnic and cultural groups and were being transformed by these groups into terms that afforded them power. The writer thinks that the word ‘minority’ should not be used in referring to these groups who are more marginalized and oppressed. Using a systems point of view, outside systems impose these labels on the so-called ‘minority groups’ who tend to either reject or accept this input according to their own needs. However, in empowering diverse populations, the writer agrees with the article wherein she had cited Paolo Friere’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed in creating one’s on knowledge and situation to better understand the situation of a larger whole. Using indigenous knowledge of a group, individual or family, the social worker will be able to help them reach a higher understanding of their situation in connection to the larger society. The article’s focus on family fragmentation and disconnection as a result of a diversifying society (Pinderhughes, 1995) is only one effect of how wider influences and diverse cultures are affecting the world. However, focusing on the micro level of intervention and merely mentioning policy, institution and structural changes in society to cope with the problem is not enough. This would imply that the article sees family fragmentation as a problem produced within the family itself in its struggle to cope with diversity and oppression. That the family or the individual is the target for change or intervention seems rather derogatory for the writer. A holistic approach must be done, even if a social worker is focused on family practice, one must be able to apply Generalist Social Work Practice in order to solve the problem on all levels. References Pinderhughes, E. (1995). Empowering Diverse Populations: Family Practice in the 21st Century. Families in Society , 131-140.

Neurological Effects of MSG

Neurological Effects of MSG Abstract Due to evolving since in fields such as food science pharmacology, pediatrics, medical psychology, and toxicology, various food additives have come under a sharp review. In the medical field, a controversy has been ranging as to whether MSG should be used at all since diverse research case studies have not only shown its negative effects on health in general but also its neurological effects. Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) has been used as a flavorant in the food industry for close to one hundred years in foods consumed by the masses daily. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies MSG as a food ingredient that is considered generally safe for use by the public, a number of researches such as by Schwartz have shown that it is harmful to the users health and should therefore be banned. Glutamate is naturally found in foods such as milk, poultry, meat and vegetables. Further, the body naturally produces glutamate which is essential for the nervous system. However, syntheti c manufacture has been proven to be harmful. This study purposefully outlines such effects on the nervous sytem and serves to support other recent findings against the use of MSG. Introduction MSG is a food additive that is found in most of the commercial foods. It improves the flavor of the food hence attracting customers. In itself, there is no value addition in terms of nutrition. It actually does nothing to food, but to the eater it is detrimental to their health. MSG is referred to as an excitotoxin or neurotoxin. This is the case since it widely involves the neuroscientists field in that it has degenerative and deadly effects on the brain and the nervous system. MSG actually over stimulates the brain neurons to exhaustion leading to their death. MSG goes to the brain through the membranes in the mouth and the throat. It also enters the blood stream through the digestion of food in the digestive system. MSG will trick the brain to thinking that it is getting value from the foods that are being taken in. MSG is not natural in nature. It is manmade from glutamic acid which is an amino acid which is found in complete proteins. Amino acids do occur naturally from many pla nts and animal tissues. The artificially created types of Amino acids are processed through the breakdown and the change of the natural form of glutamate. Some of the natural substances used for this purpose are molasses, grain starches and corn. The manipulation process produces various form of glumate. The d-glumate is never found naturally. The free glumates could enter the body 8 to 10 times faster than the bound or the natural glumates. Natural glumate is found in foods like tomatoes, milk and the mushrooms. The commercial methods or techniques used to manufacture glumate were not in use until the 1960s. The MSG in use today is not at all natural Literature review The current research shows that MSG is the cause of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers Huntingtons, Parkinsons and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroscientists, such as Adriene, have explained that MSG attacks the blood-brain barrier of the brain cells which is responsible for protection and regulation of the delicate chemical exchange within the brain cells. The chemical exchange process is normally well balanced and its functionality is unquestionable. Under normal conditions also the brain and the body immune system handles all kinds of pollutants, diseases and stress. A very small amount of toxic substance can actually cause the brain call to over react leading to excessive exhaustion and death (Samuels). MSG is one of the major excitotoxins and is widely known to cause damage to the brain part that governs or controls other systems in the human body. The damage will probably appear as a disorder in the nervous system and the endocrine system. This can be manifested in the cases of unusual sleeping patterns, persistent hunger and food cravings. This usually leads to obesity. MSG is also known to cause migraine headaches, behavioral disorders, asthma attacks, depression, heart irregularities, arthritis, sinus problems and digestive problems (Anglesey). MSG is a neurotoxin that takes a very short time to create a widely diverse and dramatic effect on the human body. An individual may take a mild dosage of a prescription drug and have mild effects which may even be favorable. However, another person may take the same prescription drug and instead, get depressed, have stomach disorders, a swollen tongue and aching joints. The different parts of the brain do govern various body functions. The part which is attacked will directly depend on the brain part that has been attacked by the excitotoxin. If for example a person has had a head injury, a genetic pinch in a given part of the brain, has had a fever that is attacking parts of the brain, or even has had a stroke, then it is certain that the part of the brain that has been affected will be due to the toxins. Some of the foods that are sold are sold as weight loss promotions to the people. When food substances such as fat and sugar are removed from the foods, MSG together with aspartame is usually added. These excitotoxins are known to cause obesity and irregular heartbeats in many people. FDA usually allows the labeling of MSGS as natural flavors, hydrolyzed proteins and autolyzed yeast when used as just a component ingredient in an additive and not purely MSG. Americans today are consuming 160 million pounds of MSG per annum. A toxicologist and an author by the name Dr, George Schwartz claims that two table spoons of MSG on a piece of bread could kill a medium sized dog within a minute. The FDA in the year 1995 claimed that no one can react to less than 3 grams of MSG per meal. However, despite their confirmation, they have warned that MSG should be avoided by children, pregnant or lactating women, the elderly and those who suffer Asthma. A highly sensitive individual can react even to less than a gram of MSG (Blaylock). Effects and Related disorders Research has shown that in the late 1950s, an estimated amount of 12 grams per person per year of MSG was used by the Americans. Looking at the same issue today, the estimate has shot to between 400 and 500 grams per person per year. This is an amount that needs evaluation by FDA. (Anglesey) The wide usage of MSG came in the mid 1970s. It gained much popularity with producers of food through the 1980s. Two powerful excitotoxic food additives that took the food industry by storm were the MSG and aspartame. MSG has been widely associated with a wide range of diseases, symptoms and complaints. As earlier stated, it affects the neurological system of the body. The same ailments are today being reported to be on their rise. Often the ailments are quite unexpected and hard to explain either. Neorological effects of MSG and statistics of interest published by national organizations have been listed here-in. Fibromyalgia: this is a growing epidemic. Its patients eliminated MSG and aspartame during the study conducted by Florida University which reported complete relief of symptoms in 2001. However, the most cognitive study was carried by Smith, Shmidt and Guns who sought to prove the link between Fibromyalgia and MSG with several other additives as a common rheumatologic disorder. In this case, 4 patients were diagnosed for 2-17 years with fibromyalgia syndrome. However, they had undergone various modalities of treatment while failing to consider MSG as the causative agent. After eliminating aspartame and MSG from their diets, complete or near complete resolution of symptoms diagnosed were recorded within months. In this case analysis, the subjects were women who had multiple comorbidities and recurring symptoms after the ingestion of MSG. It is therefore indicative that t he excitotoxins, present in substances such as Aspartate and MSG, become excitatory neurotransmitters once ingested, and if consumed in excess can lead to neurotoxicity. These 4 patients may therefore represent this fibromyalgia syndrome and act as a link to conclusively establish a link to MSG. Therefore, persistent studies, if carried out on a larger sample, might serve to link the fibromyalgia syndrome to MSG and aspartame more concretely (Murray). Further, a study posted in MSGTruth.org is instrumental in linking MSG to pituitary adenomas. MSG overstimulates the hypothalamus which consequently leads damage on the neurons. The hypothalamus is responsible for directing the pituitary glands actions, which is also referred to as the master gland since it in turn directs all other glands in the body and their actions such as metabolism, development of sex and reproductive organs and other key development functions. Statistics have shown that 25% of Kenyans develop a pituitary adenoma in the course of their lives. However, studies linking pituitary adenomas to MSG are inconclusive. Some studies had previously depicted this as a genetic disorder but have however been proven wrong. About half of the pituitary adenomas secrete prolactin. Prolactinomas vcan become extremely large over time to crowd the optic nerve thereby affecting vision. It is however detected early in women since it interferes with menses and stops ovulation. This prevents conception or pregnancy in general. Further, since prolactin is responsible for lactation, secretion can cause lactation in the victim even if they were never pregnant or even if they are male. Hence, men with these adenomas develop breasts which have the capacity to secrete milk. Unlike in women who are forewarned by the effects on vision or associated headaches, this condition is deadly in men since the tumor can only be detected when it is large and dangerous. Further, research records by most governments are only kept for cancerous tumors while benign tumor, such as in this case, are neglected hence making it the more difficult not only to research on especially as to its link to aspartine and MSG but also to treat. Trea tment is very expensive. There are only two treatments with Dostinex, a carbegoline, is normally preferred which costs approximately $ 30 a tablet. Therefore, there is a need to sponsor more research as to the link to MSG and brain tumors (Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) and Aspartame). Other effects that have been attributed to MSG and its neurological disorders are headaches and migraines, asthma, obesity among others. In headaches and migraines: an approximate amount of $ 2.2 billion per year are being spent on drugs which treat headaches. This chronic condition has received a 74% increase from the years 1980 to 1990. Secondly, Asthma has been linked to MSG and related to the brain effects. According to statistics there was a decline of asthma until the mid-eighties. Since then however, there has been a recorded 100% increase in the rate of death among the children and the seniors. This incidence has increased 600% in the last 10 years. FDA has identified that the uncontrollable asthma can be caused by MSG, unfortunately no further measures are taken to deal with the situation. Defects of birth and disorders of production: MSG has been identified as a mutagen i.e. mutates fetuses. It is said to cause damage to the intellectual development, reproduction, growth pa tterns and the gonadal functions. However, such research has not been concrete. Other effects are neurological or emotional disorders. Laboratory studies have shown devastating effects on brain development. This includes autism, attention deficit, dyslexia, hyperactivity, violent episodes or rage, panic attacks, depression, paranoia, seizures and cerebral palsy. Rats were used for this study. However, human beings are 5 times more sensitive to MSG than rats. Obesity too has been linked to MSG and the nervous system. This is the most consistent effect of excitotoxins exposure and can be termed as a growing problem that does not respect age or sexual boundaries. In fact scientists uses glumate to feed animals used in the laboratories with an aim of inducing obesity. MSG will trigger insulin or adrenalin or fat storage or even a food craving response. This actually depletes the serotonin levels which in turn trigger headaches, depression and fatigue and also leads to food cravings. Finally, it is vital to note the following maladies and diseases are also attributed to MSG. Heart maladies: for the Americans, more than 70 million of them do suffer one or more forms of cardiovascular disease. 43% of all deaths in America are related to this same problem. Cardiovascular operations in the US went up with 287% from the year 1980 to 1990. Alzheimers disease: in the 1980s, this disease was nowhere among the highly identifiable health threats. It is however ranked third in todays statistics after cancer and heart disease. There are 4 million people afflicted by the disease at a cost of $47,000 per person per year in healthcare costs. Parkinsons, ALS, MS and the Huntingtons diseases like Alzheimers are all progressively growing neurogenic diseases that show brain and nerve cell damage. There are also other symptoms of MSG sensitivity that include swollen throat and tongue, joint pain, skin disorders, sleeping disorders, burning, tightness of the face or its redness, vert igo and gastrointestinal complaints. This subject of disorders in behavior for children is becoming a common discussion among professionals. The Studies that are already done have widely associated the violent behavior, attention deficits and emotional instability to chemical imbalances occurring in the brain. The reason that young brains are developing the blood-brain barrier, it is now becoming an extreme possibility that there will be early damage caused by excitotoxins. In April 1994, a time magazine article confirmed the rising problem of behavioral disorders. The magazine stated that the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was not in existence 15 years ago. It is however said that it is now affecting 3.3 million American children. This magazine article quotes a prominent research which 10 years ago stated that symptoms of ADHD and ADD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) vanished with maturity. Today however, ADD is now the fastest growing diagnostic category for the adults. The combination of excitotoxins i.e. MSG and aspartame came into wide usage in the 1980s. The drug sale rate for these disorders has shot up by almost 400% in a period of 4 years only. MSG is now a known mutagen. Its damage occurs in the womb as chemicals pass from the womb of the mother into the blood system of the fetus. The old people do show high vulnerability rates to the progressive neuro-generative diseases. An example of such diseases is Alzheimers.

Imagine You Are Boo Radley. Nathan Has Just Cemented Up The Knot Hole :: English Literature

Imagine You Are Boo Radley. Nathan Has Just Cemented Up The Knot Hole In The Tree. What Are Your Thoughts And Feelings? I feel as if my connection with the real world has been broken by my own father and now brother continues with this same lack of compassion. If it was not for them treating me this way, after one incident, I would not be here, and perhaps I would be leading a normal life away from my family. I am treated like a caged animal repeatedly put down by my own family saying how much of a disappointment I am. The children play outside as I would have liked to do. To be able to go outside and being allowed to live as a human would. They have a friend who visits them every summer. The act out scenes from various things they must make up. They walk to school like normal people, not like me. If it wasn't for all those unpleasant rumours people spread about me, brought upon by my family keeping me in the house like a monster, people would not have a fear of me. Most people haven't even seen me in the flesh so what would they know? For fifteen long years I have sat in the house with nothing to do no communication accept with my pitiful family. The children are like a new lease of life, the only people I see who even come up to the house. I was so happy when they were stood outside the house. Jem came up to the house. I was enthralled wondering why he was coming to call for me. I stood at the window amazed. Unfortunately he must have lost his nerve and ran away so I just peeked through the shutters to see what else they were up to. They stared back at me. For once I had communication with a normal person. My father died I was so upset but yet I felt free, that was of course until my brother arrived. He too keeps me in the house as often as he can showing no empathy for how I feel. I have sat and wondered for many years how I could change my image to make me look a lot more pleasant, but how am I to achieve this if I cannot venture outdoors. I knew Jem and his sister who he referred to as Scout. They were the only children who came within a hundred yards of the house, without running. A tree positioned just around the corner from our house seemed the perfect place to try and make contact

Lord of the Flies - Who I think would make the best leader on the island: :: English Literature

Lord of the Flies - Who I think would make the best leader on the island: Ralph, Piggy or Jack? The Novel that this piece of writing is based upon is named "Lord of the Flies". The author of the book is William Golding who wrote many other books including Close quarters and Fire down below. This essay is on my opinion of who would be the best leader on the island out of Ralph, Piggy and Jack. I will base my opinions on my assumption of what makes a good leader and my general feelings of their actions, reactions and appearance. These three predicaments make large differences in how other people feel towards you. If you have become irritable easily people may ignore you or if you can not make good decisions of your own they may feel more powerful than you. So these are my reasons of how I will judge the characters. Another aspect I will have to consider is the first impressions made on the characters and how Golding provoked these. What makes a good leader is someone who does not take sides in bad situations, someone who is organised, they can be independent, confident, good ideas, a quick thinker, non-judgmental, works well under pressure, reliable, takes charge and can see good and bad in people. All these points are good because people following the leaders do not want to be under pressure because the leader can not take certain circumstances, followers also do not a leader who is not confident because then they have to be more positive. Also if the leader does not give their followers praise then they will become doubtful about their leader. Piggy is described by Golding as: "The naked crooks of his knees were plump" and "he was shorter than the fair boy (Ralph) and very fat" Piggy wears glasses and this seems to make people disrespect him. For example on page 75 where Jack knocks Piggy's glasses of his face and breaks one side. Jack doesn't apologise to Piggy very quickly and when he does it is in a childish manner whereas before when he and Ralph had had an argument Jack's response was more of an adult nature. Ralph and Jack's argument is on pages 51-52. The argument is about Jack's hunting because he has not helped with the making of the shelters so Ralph is mad. An example of the Adult nature is straight after the argument when Ralph says: " 'You've noticed haven't you?' Jack put down his spear and squatted 'Noticed what?' 'Well. They're frightened.'" This behaviour is very well showed because they forget about the

Dialectics in Oryx and Crake Essay

Canadian author Margaret Atwood’s novel Oryx and Crake, is about an anti-utopian society that chronicles the collapse of civilization and corrupt medical practice. The town’s morals are highly questionable, in that the majority of the citizens approve of gene splicing, transgenic animals, like mixing a dog’s genetic code with a wolf, and transplanting animal organs in human beings. The book poses a question of what is truly ethical in medical practice? This story has an immediate correlation to the island of Dr.  Moreau, by H. G. Wells, in which a mad scientist creates a dysfunctional society of genetically spliced transgenic animals as well. Like The Island of Dr. Moreau, Margaret Atwood relies on dialectical elements. Dialectic is a classical philosophy originated by the Greeks that depended on the furthering of society through thesis and antithesis. In modern day it has developed between most scholastics as a fine art of persuasion. It is ever present in Oryx and Crake through the dialectics produced through Crake’s insanity. His main dialectical argument is that society has become morally bankrupt and is due for a change and Crake claims intellectual right over all of man kind. His views are presented as deliriously radical, but there is irony in the fact that the University that Crake attends is named Asperger’s U. A term used to describe people who are usually extremely intelligent and often very eccentric, it be could argued that Atwood hints to imply Crake may be the correct one after all, and that the rest of society is wrong. This virtually tyrannical takeover of both the world and the lives of Oryx and Snowman are done entirely through aggressive persuasion. In the formation of Crake, Atwood creates an insanely ranting lunatic, with whom in the end the reader has no choice but to sympathize. The dialectic argument that is posed here is that the dye is cast. Atwood, acknowledges that our society’s morals tread a fine line from damnation, and she writes a novel that puts us one step over that line. The reader has no choice but to sympathize with Crakes’ actions because he is a product of an unbearable world, not too distant from our own. The novel itself, poses a persuasive argument to the reader, in that all of the occurrences in the plot are rationally plausible. There are scenes in the novel where the two men, Crake and Snowman, are attending college together and enjoying their favorite pastimes. These hobbies include, watching nudie news, live executions, and child pornography. In the beginning moments of the lives of the two main characters, the reader views a demoralized world, in which it appears even the plot’s hero is desensitized to the plight of his society. The ironic and reasonable argument posed is that all of these things they are doing, we can do today in our society. At the same time, child pornography, nude news, and live executions online are all either frowned upon and remotely new to our society. Atwood presents the enjoyment of these practices like they are common occurrences. The same goes for gene splicing. It is widely debated as an immoral and illegal act, but it is reasonable enough to think that with the passing of time eventually a law can be passed to legalize both gene splicing and child pornography. This would inadvertently make the use and distribution of these practice more heavily abundant in society and change the moral makeup of the people as a whole. A third persuasive argument the novel poses, and this is more from a perspective of female empowerment, is the idea of polyandry. It is historically a man’s fantasy and an empowering element for the man, while degrading to the woman, for a man to have two wives. Atwood poses the exact opposing scenario in this novel. On one end the idea of polyandry is implied through the relationships both Snowman and Crake have with Oryx. It is directly inferred to in that the Crakers only breed when they are polyandrous. This like most of the novel is a play on societal norms. Underlying in the dialectic argument of the novel are societal implications. For example, by Atwood calling Crakes’ creations the Crakers, she creates an implied connection on words to the Quakers, who are known for starting their own Christian new world. Crake also embodies the values of real time corporations, in that he creates a medical demand for his products through unleashing a virus. His behavior can only be expected by his inherent capabilities and by him being the product of a moral-less society. Atwood’s novel is also fueled by human nature, the horrific experiences the characters go through and their apathetic reactions actually seem believable because they are so human. An example of this is shown in the scene where Crake has just destroyed society as we know it and snowman watches the devastation on the internet, The whole thing seemed like a movie†¦The worst of it was that those people out there – the fear, the suffering, the wholesale death – did not really touch him (Atwood, 2004). It is ironic that Atwood makes a reference to the end of society being like a movie; this exposes snowman’s adolescent and distant nature, as well as makes him appear more human. This also connects back to the live executions witnessed online earlier in the novel. These are examples of Atwood using real time human tendencies to show her characters’ disenfranchisement from society. The actions following this scene consist of snowman leading the Crakers out into the new world in which they find glow-in-the-dark bunnies running rampant. This is another societal implication in that this was the actual result of transgenic Dr. Eduardo Kac, who spliced rabbit and jellyfish DNA in the year 2000. In sum, the dialectic philosophy is present in Margaret Atwood’s novel, Oryx and Crake in that it poses multiple arguments. It supports these arguments through real-time societal implications, believable characters, and a radical thesis carried out by Crake. Atwood’s literary genius is revealed in the fact that, all three of these elements draw sympathy from the reader, and in effect persuade the reader to believe the rationale behind the destruction of their own society.

Lab Questions About Stress Essay

How is positive parenting different from negative parenting? Which do you think is more effective? Why? Do you think positive parenting should have more rules or fewer rules in the home? Why? How would you deal with a situation of biting? Do you think your approach would fit into a â€Å"positive parenting† framework? Why or why not? Why do new parents feel pressure? What are some of the biggest sources of worry for new parents? Why do you think have become so caught up in the details rather than in basic parenting? How can you know if a baby is happy? Why do you think crying is so stressful for parents?  How do you think you would do as a parent? What challenges do you think you’d face? Lab Questions Positive parenting is different from negative parenting because a positive parenting is when they encourage their kids to speak their mind and help them build up their self-esteem while negative parenting is trying to control their child’s life. I think positive parenting should have fewer rules because in order to be a positive parent you should be able to trust your children to make the right decisions. I would deal with biting by either giving the child chew toys for kids and tell them no biting when they start. I believe my approach would fit into the â€Å"positive parenting† framework because I would be teaching the child that its not ok to bite without yelling at him. New parents feel pressure because they are taking care of a new born child. They have other people watching them to see how they are doing as a new parent. Some reasons new parents can feel that they have pressure upon them is they can get a little overwhelmed with the new child and can worry about the child’s health. They start to over worry in some ways thinking anything could be wrong with them which puts a lot of pressure on them without them realizing that they are doing it to themselves. So many people have gotten caught up in what actually makes them a good parent that they are starting  to go a little bit over board with the parenting thing. A good parent should not have to thin about how to be a good parent it should just happen. You can tell a child is happy by knowing when they are sleeping, when they eat, and their emotions throughout the day. If they are all normal and at a normal time your child should be fine. When a baby is crying it can be very stressful on the parents because not all of the time the parents know what the child wants at that point in time and it can also give the parents headaches or it can stop them from sleeping at night. I think I would do pretty good as a new parent. I have been pretty good as a baby sitter with all ages and I believe I would face the same challenges any other new parent would face such as financial issues, stress, and the pressure from other parents or my parents.

Itm 440 Paper on Bonjour

ITM 440- ­? 540 Introduc0on to Data Networking and the Internet 03/03/12 1 Router Architectures †¢? There are 3 steps a router must follow to process and forward a packet to the next hop. –? Check an incoming packet for errors and other parameters –? Look up the des0na0on address in a forwarding table to determine the proper output port for the packet –? Send the packet out the port 03/03/12 2 Router like a Train Roundhouse 03/03/12 3 Router Architecture †¢? Rou0ng can be implemented using soKware based forwarding –? e. g small dsl router, linux box, etc †¢? Hardware Based –? These are larger routers ith forwarding fabric architectures. †¢? ISP routers , Internet backbone, etc 03/03/12 4 Basic Hardware Routers †¢? Routers are very much like computers. –? CPU’s †¢? Several types used not necessarily as powerful as pc –? NVRAM (Flash Memory) †¢? Stores router con? gura0ons –? DRAM †¢? Shared working storage –? ROM †¢? Bootstrap for router OS 03/03/12 5 03/03/12 6 Larger Internet Routers †¢? Fundamental principle is that the func0ons of a router can be split into two dis0nct parts –? Rou0ng and control †¢? Handles protocols, management of router, etc –? Forwarding packets †¢? Handles actual forwarding f packets †¢? Many packets go straight through this func0on 03/03/12 7 03/03/12 8 Router Access †¢? Console Port –? Port for a serial terminal that is the loca0on as the router and is a]ached by a short cable from the serial port on the terminal to the console port on the router (replaced by RJ45) 03/03/12 9 Console Port 03/03/12 10 Router Access †¢? Auxiliary Port –? Port for a serial communica0on that is a remote loca0on 03/03/12 11 Router Access 03/03/12 12 Router Access †¢? Network –? Can always be managed over the same network onwhich it is rou0ng packets 03/03/12 13 03/03/12 14 ForwardingTable Lookups †¢? Longest Match Rule –? Allows a router to determine the best route based on granularity of the masked address. –? Used when a network ID is found to match more than one subnet mask –? The longest match rule is implemented because the longer the mask found, the be]er granularity the router has in exactly de? ning the correct route. –? It is oKen called the best match or the more speci? c route for a given des0na0on 03/03/12 15 †¢? Example: †¢? – Received datagram of 200. 40. 1. 1 †¢? – Route table lookup found two entries: –? 200. 40. 1. 0/24 –? 200. 40. 0. 0/16 †¢? – Route would use he 200. 40. 1. 0/24 03/03/12 16 03/03/12 17 Dual Protocol Stacks †¢? Hosts can have dual protocol stacks –? If the Ethernet type ?eld is 0x800 the packet is hando? to the IPv4 process –? If the Ethernet type ?eld is 0x86DD the packet is handed o? to the IPv6 process 03/03 /12 18 03/03/12 19 Tunneling †¢? Tunneling occurs whenever the normal sequence of encapsula0on headers is violated †¢? Four types of tunnels –? Host to router –? Put a frame into a frame and violate the normal OSI- ­? RM sequence of headers –? Router to router †¢? Hosts with duel stack capabili0es can tunnel IPv6 packets to a dual tack router that is only reachable over a series IPv4 only device †¢? Routers with duel stack capability can tunnel IPv6 packets over an IPv4 infrastructure to other routers 20 03/03/12 Tunneling †¢? Router to host –? Routers with duel stack capabili0es can tunnel IPv6 packets over an IPv4 infrastructure to a duel stack des0na0on host †¢? Host to Host –? Hosts with duel stack capabili0es can tunnel IPv6 packets over an IPv4 infrastructure to other duel stack IP hosts without an intervening router 03/03/12 21 03/03/12 22 Tunneling †¢? The ?rst two methods is when an IPv6 packet is sent to a router nd the endpoint of the tunnel is not the same des0na0on †¢? The last two methods send the encapsulated IPv6 packet directly to the des0na0on host so the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses used correspond to the same host –? The source host or router must have the tunnel’s address con? gured –? This is called con? gured tunneling 03/03/12 23 Automa0c Tunneling †¢? Does not require special con? gura0on †¢? Uses a special form of the IPv6 address †¢? All duel stack IP hosts recognize the format and encapsulate the IPv6 packet inside an IPv4 packet using the embedded IPv4 address, crea0ng an end to end tunnel ? Hosts that only run IPv6 can also duel stack routers to communicate using a special form of the IPv6 03/03/12 24 03/03/12 25 Tunneling Mechanisms †¢? Manually con? gure tunnels –? De? ned in RFC 2893 and both endpoints of the tunnel must have both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses †¢? Generic Rou0ng Encapsula0on (GRE) tunnels †“? Designed to transport non- ­? IP protcols over IP network †¢? IPv4 compa0ble (6over4) tunnels –? Also de? ned in RFC 2893 these are automa0c tunnels based on IPv4 compa0ble IPv6 addresses using the :: (Pv4 address) form of IPv6 address 03/03/12 26 Tunneling Mechanisms †¢? 6to4 unnels –? Another form of automa0c tunnel de? ned in RFC 3065. They use and IPv4 embedded in the IPv6 address to iden0fy the tunnel endpoint †¢? Intra- ­? site Automa0c Tunnel Addressing Protcol (ISATAP) –? Mechanism much like 6to4 tunneling but for local site networks. Uses a special pre? x and the IPv4 address to iden0fy the endpoint 03/03/12 27 6to4 and ISATAP tunnel addressing showing how the 128 bits of the IPv6 address Are structured in each case. (a) 6to4 (b) ISATAP 03/03/12 28 Transi0on Considera0ons †¢? Terminology used for IPv4 to IPv6 transi0on plans for nodes –? IPv4 only node: host or outer that implements only IPv4 –? IPv6/IPv4 (duel ) node: A host or router that implements both IPv4 and IPv6 –? IPv6 only node: A host or router that implements only IPv6 –? IPv6 node: A host or router that implements IPv6 –? IPv4 node: A host or router that implements IPv4 †¢? Includes IPv6 only and duel node 03/03/12 29 †¢? Includes IPv4 only and duel node Transi0on Considera0ons †¢? The plan also de? nes three types of addresses –? IPv4 compa0ble IPv6 address †¢? An address assigned to an IPv6 node that can be used in both IPv6 and IPv4 packets –? IPv4 mapped IPv6 address †¢? An address mapped o an IPv4 only node represented as an IPv6 address –? IPv6 only address †¢? An address globally assigned to any IPv4/IPv6 only node 03/03/12 30 Ques0ons 03/03/12 31 03/03/12 32 Q1 †¢? 1. Which router, based on the architecture in the ?gure, is probably a small site router? Which is probably a large Internet backbone router? †¢? Although architectures vary, t he router with only memory is likely to be a smaller site router. The router with separate hardware forwarding and control plane is likely the backbone router. 03/03/12 33 Q2 †¢? 2. Which output interface, based on the rou0ng table shown in he ?gure, will packets arriving from the directly a]ached host for IPv4 address 10. 10. 11. 1 use for forwarding? Assume longest match is used. †¢? 64 is 0100 0000, 128 is 1000 0000, and 11 is 0000 1011. All three routes match the ?rst 16 bits. The /18 masks (01 and 10) do not match the address bit pa]ern (00) in posi0ons 17 and 18. So 10. 10. 0. 0/16 is the longest match and the packet will use output interface #1. 03/03/12 34 Q3 †¢? 3. Which output interface will packets for 10. 10. 192. 10 use? Assume longest match is used. †¢? 192 is 1100 0000. Again, all three routes match the ?rst 16 bits.The /18 masks (01 and 10) do not match the address bit pa]ern (11) in posi0ons 17 and 18. So 10. 10. 0. 0/16 is again the longest matc h and the packet will use output interface #1. 03/03/12 35 Q4 †¢? 4. Is 6to4 tunneling automa0c? How many bits will be used for the subnet iden0? er? †¢? Yes, 6to4 automa0c tunnels are de? ned in RFC 3065. Sixteen bits are used for subnet ID. See Figure 9- ­? 9. 03/03/12 36 Q5 †¢? 5. Do the routers require IPv6 support to deliver packets between the two hosts? †¢? No. If IPv6 is not supported on the routers, 6to4 tunneling can be used to deliver packets. 03/03/12 37