Thursday, October 31, 2019

Reflection paper about All But my Life( Klein) Essay

Reflection paper about All But my Life( Klein) - Essay Example This love provides inner strength and determination to suffer and endure a life of extreme torment and hardship. Klein provides much evidence of this thesis when she retells stories of her family members, particularly her father, to whom she looked up and respected. It was he who made her promise to be strong, fight and never give up or kill herself and it was his words that helped her curb her desires to end her life in the camp. Klein also shows how the love of friends, not only family, can help us through bad times, particularly with her best friend Ilse. Klein provides a very poignant accounting of her life through the Holocaust and one that is intense and convincing. She does not paint pretty pictures but instead presents vivid and illustrative explanations of the numerous occurrences that show the good side of humanity in such terrible times. I think there are many lessons to be learnt from Klein’s memoirs, all of which can strengthen our inner selves and provide awareness of others in a world that is fraught with injustice, war and

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Managerial Economics - Traded Firm and the Global Competition Research Paper

Managerial Economics - Traded Firm and the Global Competition - Research Paper Example In the leisure market due to the availability of large aircraft like Boeing 747 has made it very convenient and affordable for the common people for travelling and exploring new destinations for luxury purposes as well as business needs (The Airline Industry, 2012). With enormous growth in the airline industry the governments of many developing countries are reaping mammoth benefits and utilizing those benefits in spurring massive development in different sectors of the economy (The Airline Industry, 2012). But with this extensive growth many new potential competitors (airlines companies) are infiltrating the industry and there exists cut throat competition. The companies who are thriving in the industry are developing and implementing strategies on a daily basis for gaining competitive edge over one another. The company who loses its edge comes out of the market and has to shut down its business operations. The airlines industry is almost a perfectly competitive market where each pl ayers influence is minimal. The paper will discuss the market dynamics of Etihad airlines which is an Asian airline with the price elasticity of its products, cost structure, strategic decisions and recommendations which will allow the company to strive in this highly competitive airlines market. Propulsive expansion in the Asian airline industry As Etihad airline is an Asian airline and so highlight will be entailed on the current Asian airline industry. The Asian airlines industry despite of some exceptions have encountered tremendous recovery from the year 2008/2009 which was predominated by deep recession which adversely affected the global demand for air travel and air freight. There has been an escalated expansion in the numbers of passengers, premium travels and so on. The load factors of Asia Pacific airlines have recovered and have surpassed the peak levels of 2007. A large part of this can be attributed to the cautious move made by these airline companies in reinstating th e capacities cut during the economic downturn. This has led the industry to either raise ticket or the cargo charges or that of reducing the discounts previously offered. The rise in the number of passengers and higher traffic has yielded positive results reflecting in the operating profits for most of the airlines. Although the hike in the jet fuel prices have been a symptom of worry for the airlines. Since the year 2009, the price of the jet fuel has multiplied around two times keeping in line with the rise in the price of the crude oil. Higher fuel prices are indeed an important constraint which hampers the present profitability as well as the future growth trajectory of the companies (Seah & Yusof, 2010, p.1). Etihad airways -Legacy Etihad Airways is a national airline of United Arab Emirates. In eight years the airline company has been able to establish itself as one of the world’s leading airlines company. The airlines company was established by Royal (Amiri) Decree in July 2003 and has been able to establish itself as fastest growing in the commercial aviation history. The airline’s fleet of around 66 aircrafts has the operation capacity of 1000 flights per week. The airline provides serves unparalleled network of around 84 passengers and cargo destinations in areas like Middle East, Africa, Asia, Australia and North America. The company also owns around 30 percent of airberlin which is the sixth largest carrier and 40 percent of Air Seychelles. The

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Experiences Of Women Mature Students In Higher Education

Experiences Of Women Mature Students In Higher Education Internationally there has been a large body of literature presented on the experiences of mature students, who have returned to higher education after a significant absence from compulsory education (for example, Baxter and Britton, 1999; Baxter and Britton, 2001; Lister, 2003; O’Donnell and Tobbell, 2007; O’Shea and Stone, 2011) to name but a few. Within much of this literature Baxter and Britton (1999:181) would point out that despite the marginalisation of women in educational research studies, this has not been the case in the literature presented on mature student whereby the â€Å"mature student is usually assumed to be female† and studies have particularly focused more so on women returners rather than both genders. Up until the late 1980s through to the early 1990s the primary research method used to conduct much of these studies was the large-scale quantitative survey, (for example, see Watkins, 1982) where the findings illustrated that mature students had a shared set of characteristics including educational background and educational achievements (Baxter and Britton, 1999; Parr, 2000). However, mature students are not a homogenous group, as each student’s higher education experience will be determined by factors including class, gender and ethnicity (O’Donnell and Tobbell, 2007; Morgan, 2013). Therefore, Richardson (1994:322) would state that to research the life experiences of mature students in higher education, this cannot be â€Å"carried out by means of bare quantitative procedures such as questionnaires† where the appropriate approach required would be to conduct individual semi-structured interviews. The defining feature which categorises mature students is based on age but this can vary on the country in question, for example, in Sweden, Norway and Australia the mature student is classified as someone who is over twenty-five years of age (Thomas and Quinn, 2006) as opposed to the UK where according to the Higher Education Statistics Authority the mature student is someone who is over twenty-one (HESA, 2014). According to Smith (2008:1) the term mature student â€Å"identifies a category of learners who embark on a course of study later in life† and can include any adult education programme such as further and/or higher education Historically, the role of women was to devote themselves to the position of homemaker. However, as western society as advanced to become more egalitarian this has witnessed a rapid shift in mothers with child/ren returning to education to become more self-sufficient and to gain a sense of self-identity. However, Baxter and Britton (2001) would argue that while trying to balance their student role, women still have a multiplicity of other roles were they shoulder the responsibility of childcare and domestic life, therefore, inequalities between genders are still widely seen. In recent times, the subordinate role of women in societies for example non wage winner, 2nd class citizen etc.throughout the world has significantly improved, slowly closing the gender gap in equality. One of the many advantages to this in modern society is that women have now the opportunity of gaining a good education. According to Parr (2000) this has led to increasing numbers of mature women returning to educ ation, not just to gain a paper qualification or to obtain better job opportunities but also to become more self-sufficient and to gain a sense of self-identity. This increase in mature women returning to higher education can be linked to the formation of ‘lifelong education’ (O’Shea and Stone, 2011). The concept of lifelong education is not new whereby, ancient societies emphasised the need â€Å"to learn from the cradle to the grave† (Gishti, 2009). However, it was not until the late twentieth/early twenty-first century that lifelong education became ‘heralded’ as an new age phenomenon, and became high on the social agenda of many governments and international organisations such as, UNESCO (Jackson, Malcolm and Thomas, 2011). In 1972 UNESCO International Commission on the Development of Education published the â€Å"Faure report† with the aim to assist governments in formulating and implementing new strategies in lifelong education. The primary underpinning of this report emphasised how important it was that every individual had the opportunity to lifelong education (Learning to be, 1972). This led to the UNESCO institute becoming the first institution to address the needs and aspirations of adult learners and in 2006 the name was changed to UNESCO Ins titute for Lifelong Learning, to reflect the institute’s focus on adult learning (UNESCO, 2013). According to Lister (2003) the primary focus in the role of lifelong learning is to combat social exclusion and target previously excluded groups. One of the many disadvantaged groups that lifelong learning particularly aims to benefit is those of women who have caring responsibilities and childcare commitments. Encompassing a broad perspective Lister (2003) would also note that the role of higher education plays a key part in the development of lifelong learning However, Jackson et al (2011:5) argues that in western societies women continue to be limited to their choices of learning when returning to education as â€Å"the gendered nature of the hidden curriculum [†¦] restrict women’s access† to many courses. This in turn can create difficulties for women who are interested in following a particular career path. Nonetheless, for mature women lifelong learning can be a source of empowerment and emancipation (Bhattachra, 2014). Therefore, â€Å"education is seen as empowering, in that it opens up employment opportunities and is a vehicle for the development of the self.† (Baxter and Britton, 2001:87). Upon commencing on this journey of self-discovery, O’ Shea and Stone (2011) would note that as mature students, women may harbour feelings of self-doubt and hesitation. In trying to play the role of the student, O’Shea’s (2014) study found that mature women encounter many anxieties where they feel like ‘imposters’ in a higher education institute after having been absent from education for such a long time. According to O’Donnell and Tobbell (2007) many adult students in general, regardless of their gender, feel vulnerable because they lack experience in formal education and also because they have additional pressures outside of education to contend with, such as family responsibilities. From the scoping review of the literature above there is a clear demonstrable opportunity for research on mature women that return to education after a significant gap. Therefore, this dissertation aims to explore how non-traditional mature women manage their student role along with the multitude of other responsibilities that they shoulder. Within the framework of this study, this dissertation will also examine the emotional journey of mature women from the transition of ‘expected’ roles to the enablement of participation in life-long learning and personal capacity building. Coming from a feminist perspective the social specific issues which will be addressed include the empowerment, inequality and oppression of women with children or other caring responsibilities.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Analysis of the Running Man :: essays research papers fc

Analysis of the Running Man Sometimes there are hurdles in life that require great courage to overcome. We must utilize our inner strengths to motivate these courageous actions. Loren Eiseley sets an example of this in The Running Man- a chapter from his autobiography, All the Strange Hours. In this essay he reveals memories that show his lonely childhood which gives him the courage to overcome his problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loneliness is what ultimately sparks his courageous action later on in his life. â€Å"I remember the pacing, the endless pacing of my parents after midnight, while I lay shivering in the cold bed and tried to understand the words that passed between my mother and my father.†(Eisley,337) This quote taken from the running man is just one example of his deep loneliness that he was faced with as a child. Even when he was around his family he still felt lonely. Whenever he came upon a ruined farmhouse and found old papers scattered across the floor that shared his last name, he realized that a German possibly like him had lived there. He was amazed that his family hadn’t known this family. If only the family could have still lived there he would possibly have companions that were a lot like him. After years of torment by his loneliness he grasps his courage and runs. Eiseley is always running, through his childhood and most of his adult life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He felt there was more out there for him. The life he was living was inadequate. This determination is a product of his childhood aspirations for a better life. This is proven by his childhood tradition of burying things and digging them up again instead of participating in childish games. Eiseley does not know why he would dig in the dirt or play with the gravel. â€Å"There was a lot of building being done then on our street. I used to spend hours turning over the gravel. Why, I wouldn’t know.†(338) As a child he embraces the rush of discovery and the thrill of adventure in his seemingly insignificant dirt pile. He was fueled by a unknown force in his childhood to discover more in life. This gave him the courage to leave home and discover things like science and anthropology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It takes great courage for Eisley to return to his mother’s grave. In an affect this completes the circle of his life.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Narrators Role In Hard Times And Great Expectations English Literature Essay

As the voice of a fictional and, sometimes, nonfictional literary work, the storyteller is frequently the cardinal characteristic in literary plants and is given a figure of duties. Depending on how the storyteller is attached to the peculiar narrative or book, these functions include assisting to impart a voice to the writer ‘s ideas every bit good as frame the narrative and guarantee focal point, present the secret plan, and supply position. Narrative can be delivered by either indirect discourse or all-knowing narrative based on the writer ‘s purpose, supplying a scope of techniques that add credibleness to the narrative or take the reader to inquiry or mistrust the storyteller, depending on the word picture, linguistic communication, and secret plan line that is being utilised. The storyteller can be the chief character but they can besides be a minor character, a combination of characters, or even function an all-knowing function as a narrator who is non portion of t he narrative. On a simple and straightforward degree, both books utilise the storyteller as a manner of reminding the reader about the secret plan, bordering the narrative and concentrating the action due to their serialised nature. In this manner, both storytellers explain spreads in clip and action, talking to the reader and assisting arouse their ideas of what had antecedently happened. Both serve as managers in footings of steering the reader through the narrative and bring outing what they want to be seen or what they want the reader to chew over in footings of the ‘intention of intending ‘ whilst still being able to set up boundaries around what is to be inferred from reading the narrative ( Brooks, 503 ) . On a deeper degree further explored within this paper, both storytellers represent the overruling subject of Victorian literature that Dickens has made celebrated in footings of the weak back uping the strong every bit good as the hapless sating the wealthy ( Bloom, 155 ) . In this manner, the storyteller besides serves as a device to keep up and steer the reader through the building of the narrative but besides a building of the human ego. As the storyteller of Great Expectations, Pip takes on a figure of functions as he moves from a immature kid to maturate adult male, supplying a humanistic touch to Dickens ‘s frequently black and desperate narratives. The reader can so associate to in these footings of following his outlooks and uncertainties about how he will do in life every bit good as determining his sense of values set against those of society by reflecting on what he is larning about himself. Overall, as a storyteller, it is Pip who serves to link the constructs of character and event within the secret plan, associating these together in a mode that helps the reader stay meaningfully connected to the narrative ( Gissing, 95 ) . In this manner, Dickens uses Pip as a manner of doing a commentary about society, morality, and category battles with an overruling narrative that experiences greed, wealth, and power whilst seeking to stay industrious, ethical, and caring. Alternatively of doing the commentary st raight, Dickens establishes the storyteller as a manner of dissociating himself as the writer in the reader ‘s head from the narrative so that Pip becomes the transcriber for what Dickens is seeking to pass on to the reader ( Miller, 249 ) . What sets the narrative apart in Great Expectations is the complex signifier in footings of Mr. Pirrip, the adult Pip, reflecting on his life as a hapless male child and making so from the position of a mature and slightly successful bourgeois. He seems to state the narrative in a composure and brooding tone that does non look to be angry with his childhood despite holding outlooks in young person that went unrealized. Even in reciting state of affairss that were instead traumatic and cruel, Pip remains detached. This illustrates how Dickens uses this tone to construct sympathy and make a differentiation between the bad society and the good nature of some human existences. He provides a prosaic tone to what could be considered a serious commentary on society of the twenty-four hours. This can be seen as he states, â€Å" I tell this lightly, but it was no light thing for me † ( Dickens, 235 ) . This sense of withdrawal and isolation from old events illustrates how a storyteller can be positioned in a manner that shows how all human relationships are non logical and rational in footings of communicating, interaction, and degree of intending but that life is a much more complex and illusory set of actions and mentalities ( Vande Kieft, 325 ) . There are besides times where the restriction of what the storyteller chooses to relay or how it is being relayed will greatly impact on the reader ‘s reaction to what the storyteller has to state, thereby act uponing the reader to potentially pull certain decisions. This can particularly be the instance for Pip as Dickens tries to utilize the narrative to explicate the motion from self-awareness to self-acceptance that outlooks are frequently replaced by uncertainty when society has the power and inhuman treatment to command one ‘s being ( Dessner, 436 ) . Throughout all of his novels, including Hard Times and Great Expecta tions, Dickens makes it clear that he would wish to stay degage from the narrative and the storyteller he has created, slightly deducing his ain misgiving of the storyteller but recognition that the device helps him accomplish his purpose as a author ( Daldry, 99 ) . The fact that he seems to alter from doing premises about his childhood to a defensive tone that illustrates assurance in his memory and his feelings places Pip as a more trusty storyteller in footings of doing him more human and kindred to the reader ( Daldry 1987,141 ) . Yet, even the desire to swear Pip ‘s position is taken off-balance when the reader discovers subsequently on in the narrative that they have been deliberately deceived about certain episodes. In this manner, Dickens is able to set the reader in the same frame of head as the inexperienced person and naA?ve Pip who, as a kid, had considered certain people trustworthy merely to happen that he had been deceived. In this manner, the narrative becomes a brooding device that Dickens utilizations to do the reader experience what he is seeking to explicate about society and the deficiency of morality and unity in the universe. This is besides carried out through Pip ‘s sense of that weakness over his state of af fairs based on how overwhelmed the other characters make him experience. This adds to the temper and emotion of the novel which is emitted through Pip and to the reader ( Woloch, 178 ) . This sense of being overwhelmed may take Pip to be slightly undependable as the other characters dominate him and be given to determine his ego and the reader ‘s sense of his personality and character ( Woloch, 178 ) . The continued focal point of Dickens on the construct of how personality signifiers ( Morgentaler, 1 ) is besides explored through the narrative techniques of Hard Times. Like Pip, the anon. storyteller in Hard Times is besides used as a device to assist the reader experience a sense of isolation of ego set against a rough society ( Miller, 251 ) every bit good as express an person ‘s sense of ego in relation to society and in relation to other persons ( Miller 1958, 225 ) . There is a similar realization with this storyteller in footings of explicating what he had perceived as world that, upon farther being and geographic expedition, was non right nor was it logical, taking him to re-examine himself and his life ( Dickens, 29 ) . Using this technique in both books is besides a manner for Dickens to impart a deeper position for the reader in footings of supplying what may look like a confusion or atomization of positions by the two storytellers ( Shires, 18 ) . This atomization can be seen in how Pip and the anon. storyteller tend to alter their heads about assorted actions or state of affairss that they are associating every bit good as going more emotional at times whilst other state of affairss are explained calmly and rationally, directing the reader through a kaleidoscope of positions about assorted events in the book. In this manner, Victorian literature utilised the storyteller as a device for traveling off from Realist literature that was focused on rapprochement and integrity. Alternatively, books by Dickens and others during the clip pushed the boundaries of what the reader could manage by supplying a storyteller who could steer and border the reader ‘s journey through which positions were â₠¬Ëœtested, altered, or replaced by another ‘ ( Shires, 18 ) . This unfastened sense of the universe and society provides an all-knowing sense to the narrative within Great Expectations, which one critic described as a first-person storyteller trapped within 3rd individual narrative universe ( Woloch, 178 ) . In understanding the differences in narrative technique, first individual narrative ‘makes a qualitative differentiation between the human figure who narrates the narrative ( and it is therefore presented as an agent or topic of perceptual experience ) and the characters he writes about ( mere objects of perceptual experience ) ‘ ( Woloch, 178 ) . In this instance, Pip is narrating his perceptual experience of his ain character or ego, which leads him to continually try to detach himself. The reader so determines what the mature Pip is truly believing about in footings of his life, his connexion to society, and his sense of ego. However, it is within Hard Times where Dickens more slackly uses an alternate personality to cover up his direct communicating to the reader in the signifier of an indirect discourse and the usage of all-knowing narrative. In this mode, there is a framed construction because the storyteller is stating a narrative that apparently has a different supporter than the storyteller ( Woloch, 178 ) . This was a manner to convey his position on political and societal issues of his clip even though his purpose was for the reader to concentrate on the creative activity of an all-knowing storyteller who is merely assisting the reader expression beyond the fictional universe and draw decisions about existent society and the one within Hard Times ( Watts, 135 ) . As an omniscient storyteller, there is besides a vagueness that is pronounced in footings of how state of affairss are described or what they are to symbolize in footings of doing an illation to the political and educational systems of th e twenty-four hours ( Watts, 138 ) . Whilst there are many topographic points in which it would look as though the storyteller would come out and direct the reader to a certain belief, such as destructing Millss, it is ne'er said ; it is merely inferred ( Watts, 139 ) . Hence, the decisions based on the re-examination and rating of ego through the all-knowing storyteller is left more up to the reader in Hard Times than the more direct, but still slightly caged, responses of Pip in Great Expectations. Whilst apparently left up to the reader, there is room to see the possibility that, despite room for reading that an all-knowing position allows the reader to pull their ain decisions, Dickens still seems to let both storytellers merely plenty licence to reexamine certain information by which to pull strings control of the reader ‘s point of position thereby motivating a certain understanding or disdain for different groups of people within society ( Boege, 90 ) . This same position was besides noted by a research worker who said, ‘In a sense, the whole intent of the novel is to convert us of a figure of equalities, most peculiarly that between the educational doctrine of Gradgrind and the economic theory and pattern of the new industrialism ‘ ( Bloom, 120 ) . Leaving the narrative to be conducted by a slightly anon. ‘voice ‘ is Dickens ‘s manner of non concentrating the reader on the existent elements of character of the storyteller but maintaining the reader entirely set on understanding the intent of the novel. In this manner, the reader is connected to the information provided by the anon. reader in an unemotional mode that does non convey personal involvement into the controversial topics of the novel, including ‘the crunching ugliness of industrial development ; the abstract theory of Utilitarianism ; shallow opportunism ; the anti-social force of the capitalist ; and merchandise brotherhoods ‘ ( Hosbaum, 174 ) . In many ways, information and perspectives about these topics are provided in a degage mode slightly similar to Shoot who seemed, at times, to be narrating person else ‘s life. In both novels the storytellers attempt in a personal and direct manner with Pip in Great Expectations and with an all-knowing mode in Hard Times to state the reader about society and how what is ideal and moralistic is non needfully what world involves, particularly in visible radiation of the persons who apparently are non able to do a difference in footings of get the better ofing society with their outlooks of how things should be ( Jordan, 70 ) . Both transmit Dickens ‘s messages about the battles of humanity against a powerful and avaricious society ( Jordan, 78 ) . In both of Dickens ‘s texts, the storytellers provide the tools by which the reader can have the context of what Dickens wants to pass on so as to transform the relevancy of the societal and political messages that appear in these books ( Walsh, 36 ) . Whilst the information within the texts is viewed as fiction, Dickens employs his storytellers to supply a degree of genuineness, honestness, and relevanc y to the fiction by which the reader can reap cognition of specific events and issues that have occurred in the existent universe as opposed to merely being viewed as fictional events ( Walsh, 36 ) . As one critical analysis of narrative techniques noted, ‘The cognition offered by fictionaˆÂ ¦is non chiefly specific cognition of what is ( or was ) , but of how human personal businesss work, or, aˆÂ ¦how to do sense of them-logically, evaluatively, emotionally ‘ ( Walsh, 36 ) . Hence, through an all-knowing presence every bit good as through the presentation of a sympathetic storyteller like Pip, the reader can do connexions to these books, which helps intensify the contextual consequence that Dickens is seeking to make. The storytellers are a manner to link the cognitive procedures of the writer and the reader, thereby go throughing on cognition of world but making so through a fictional procedure that is guided and controlled by the storyteller. Throughout both books, Dickens efforts to take the reader into the head of his characters, himself, and society as a manner to link the reader to the events and issues of his twenty-four hours whilst still seeking t o supply a figure of positions by which to humanize the narrative and to construct understanding for the points he is trying to do about the existent universe.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Fall of Enron

Q1- Who were the key stakeholders involved in, or affected by the collapse of Enron? How and to what degree were they hurt or helped by the actions of Enron management? Ans- The key stakeholders affected by the collapse of Enron were its employees and retirees. Stakeholders and mutual funds investors lost $ 70billion market value. Banks were also affected by the meltdown of the company. They included big banks like J P Morgan Chase and Citigroup. Not only the stakeholder and bondholder lose out, the confidence in the company also fell. This was the major setback for the company. The actions of Enron management left a deep scare for its 4000 employees which lost out their jobs and also impacted others around them. Some blamed Arthur Andersen; Enron’s accounting firm and some blame the board of directors for insufficient oversights. The damage was so big that it was likely to take years for the court to sort the wreckage. The company did not think of its future and took many bad steps just to earn money. The CEO should have looked into the company matters long time ago and took action so that hundreds of jobs could have been saved. The companies who were associated with the big firm were affected on a very large scale. This was the biggest bankruptcy of a firm with $63.4 billion in assets. Q2- Considering all aspects of the case, what factor or factors do you believe most contributed to the collapse of Enron? In your answer, please consider both external and internal factors. Ans –Enron’s non transparent financial statements did not clearly depict its operations and finances with shareholders and analysts. The company started manipulating the revenue figures. Enron used many methods to make the companies condition look better by starting different accounting practices. They also broke the legal and ethical integrity of the company by overseeing the company’s financial reports. Even supporting the political parties didn’t help them. They had a complex business model and they misrepresented their financial status to the public so that they can have a better position in the eyes of the public and earn money on basis of that. All the above issues that led to the bankruptcy of the company were perpetuated by the actions of Lay, Skilling, Fastow and other executives. They all led to the collapse of the company. Lay did not enquire about the decisions that Skilling and Fastow were taking. He just approved to everything that they kept in front of him. Skilling always wanted to keep up to the Wall Street expectations and for this he gave pressure on his executives to find new was to hide the dept. This was the major setback for the company as they didn’t know that in future everything was going to come out and it would have led to bad consequences. Lay did not enquire about all this and approved of all the work Skilling was doing. Q3- What steps should be taken now by corporate managers, stakeholders, and policy makers to prevent a similar event from occurring in the future? Ans- People should not lie about the company’s financial status just to bring it up In the market. Eventually the truth is going to come out one day or the other. Auditors should properly keep track of the finances. Managers, stakeholders and directors should be aware of everything that is happening in the company. Policy makers should think about what steps they are taking and how it will affect other people lives. They should not make policies for the benefits of the big companies who give them finances for their political endeavours. Updated case: Many executives at Enron were indicated of variety of charges and then sentence to prison. Enron’s auditors, Arthur Anderson, was found guilty in a united states district court, but by the time the ruling was over turned at the US supreme court, the firm has lost most of its customers and had to shut down. Employees and shareholders received limited returns in the lawsuits they filed. As a consequence of the scandal, new regulations and legislation were enacted to expand the accuracy of financial reporting for public companies. Special purpose entities Enron used special purpose entities—limited partnerships or companies created to fulfil a temporary or specific purpose—to fund or manage risks associated with specific assets. The company elected to disclose minimal details on its use of special purpose entities. These shell firms were created by a sponsor, but funded by independent equity investors and debt financing. For financial reporting purposes, a series of rules dictates whether a special purpose entity is a separate entity from the sponsor. In total, by 2001, Enron had used hundreds of special purpose entities to hide its debt. The special purpose entities were used for more than just circumventing accounting conventions. As a result of one violation, Enron's balance sheet understated its liabilities and overstated its equity, and its earnings were overstated. Enron disclosed to its shareholders that it had hedged downside risk in its own illiquid investments using special purpose entities. However, the investors were oblivious to the fact that the special purpose entities were actually using the company's own stock and financial guarantees to finance these hedges. This setup prevented Enron from being protected from the downside risk. Notable examples of special purpose entities that Enron employed were JEDI and Chewco, Whitewing, and LJM. The justices agreed to look at two issues in the appeal of Mr. Skilling's 2006 conviction that could have broader repercussions, say legal observers. One deals with the government's contention that Mr. Skilling violated his legal obligation to provide â€Å"honest services† to Enron shareholders because he lied about the energy-trading company's financial condition before it collapsed into bankruptcy in December 2001. Mr. Skilling's attorneys maintained that prosecutors misapplied the honest-services statute, arguing their client hadn't lied and didn't cheat Enron or its shareholders. The second issue involves Mr. Skilling's claim that he wasn't able to get a fair trial in Houston, site of Enron's headquarters, because of anger in the community over the company's collapse. Daniel Petrocelli, Mr. Skilling's lead attorney, said the Supreme Court's decision means the defense â€Å"will finally get an opportunity for a full, frank and fair hearing† of issues that led to â€Å"Jeff's wrongful conviction.† The Justice Department declined to comment. The Supreme Court earlier accepted for review another appeal related to corporate honest-services fraud. That case involves the conviction of former Hollinger International Inc. Chairman Conrad Black. Oral arguments in Mr. Black's Supreme Court case are scheduled for December. No date has been set for oral arguments in the case of Mr. Skilling, who is in federal prison in Colorado. The question of what constitutes honest-services fraud is under debate. â€Å"The lack of clear guidance† on the statute â€Å"has been a problem in this area of criminal law for years,† said Mark Biros, a former federal prosecutor and now a partner in the Washington office of Proskauer Rose LLP. â€Å"It would be helpful to everyone if the Supreme Court steps in.† Mr. Biros said the court might be considering treating the Skilling and Black appeals as companion cases. The justices could use the two cases to provide a broader interpretation of the honest-services issue, he said. The court's agreement to hear Mr. Skilling's arguments on the location of his trial surprised Columbia Law School professor John Coffee. â€Å"The area of venue is something the Supreme Court hasn't touched for a long, long time,† Mr. Coffee said. If the court agrees with Mr. Skilling, whose attorneys argued for a venue change before the trial, it could have a wide impact. In the 2006 trial, Mr. Skilling and former Enron Chairman Kenneth Lay were convicted of fraud and conspiracy. Mr. Skilling was also convicted of insider trading. Shortly after the trial, Mr. Lay died of heart-related problems and his conviction was vacated. Former Enron chief financial officer Andrew Fastow, 44, was sentenced to six years in prison Tuesday, more than two years after he pleaded guilty to two counts of conspiracy for his involvement in the energy company's 2001 collapse. Jurors in the Houston trial of Enron founder Kenneth Lay and former CEO Jeffrey Skilling reached a verdict Thursday, the sixth day of deliberations, finding both defendants guilty of most conspiracy and fraud charges.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

An Introduction to Combustion (Burning) Reactions

An Introduction to Combustion (Burning) Reactions A combustion reaction is a major class of chemical reactions, commonly referred to as burning. Combustion usually occurs when a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. In the more general sense, combustion involves a reaction between any combustible material and an oxidizer to form an oxidized product. Combustion is an exothermic reaction, so it releases heat, but sometimes the reaction proceeds so slowly that a temperature change is not noticeable. Good signs that you are dealing with a combustion reaction include the presence of oxygen as a reactant and carbon dioxide, water, and heat as products. Inorganic combustion reactions might not form all of the products but are recognizable by the reaction of oxygen. Combustion doesnt always result in fire, but when it does, a flame is a characteristic indicator of the reaction. While the activation energy must be overcome to initiate combustion (i.e.:Â  using a lit match to light a fire), the heat from a flame may provide enough energy to make the reaction self-sustaining. General Form of a Combustion Reaction hydrocarbon oxygen → carbon dioxide water Examples of Combustion Reactions Here are several examples of balanced equations for combustion reactions. Its important to remember that combustion reactions are easy to recognize because the products always contain carbon dioxide and water. In these examples, oxygen gas is present as a reactant, but trickier examples of the reaction exist where the oxygen comes from another reactant. combustion of methaneCH4(g) 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) 2 H2O(g)burning of naphthaleneC10H8 12 O2 → 10 CO2 4 H2Ocombustion of ethane2 C2H6 7 O2 → 4 CO2 6 H2Ocombustion of butane (commonly found in lighters)2C4H10(g) 13O2(g) → 8CO2(g) 10H2O(g)combustion of methanol (also known as wood alcohol)2CH3OH(g) 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) 4H2O(g)combustion of propane (used in gas grills and fireplaces)2C3H8(g) 7O2(g) → 6CO2(g) 8H2O(g) Complete Versus Incomplete Combustion Combustion, like all chemical reactions, does not always proceed with 100% efficiency. It is prone to limiting reactants the same as other processes. So, there are two types of combustion you are likely to encounter: Complete Combustion - Also called clean combustion, clean combustion is oxidation of a hydrocarbon that produces only carbon dioxide and water. An example of clean combustion is burning of candle wax, where the heat from the wick vaporizes wax (a hydrocarbon), which reacts with oxygen in the air to release carbon dioxide and water. Ideally, all the wax burns so nothing remains once the candle is consumed. The water vapor and carbon dioxide dissipate into air.Incomplete Combustion - Also called dirty combustion, incomplete combustion is hydrocarbon oxidation that produces carbon monoxide and/or carbon (soot) in addition to carbon dioxide. An example of incomplete combustion would be burning coal, where a lot of soot and carbon monoxide is released. Many of the fossil fuels burn incompletely, releasing waste products.

Monday, October 21, 2019

STAT 1350, Quiz #10, Summer 2014 Essays - Regression Analysis

STAT 1350, Quiz #10, Summer 2014 Essays - Regression Analysis STAT 1350, Quiz #10, Summer 2014Name _______________________________________ 1-3. A random sample of patients who attended a clinic was selected. The age of the patient (years) and the number of days since the last visit were collected and are displayed in the figure below. The least-squares regression line for predicting number of days since the last visit from the age of the patient is y = 600.081 8.694x. 1.The slope of this line is A) 600.081. B) 8.694. C) 8.694. D) 600.081 8.694 = 591.387. Ans: C 2.The slope of this line tells us the A)correlation between age of patient and days since last visit. B)change in days since last visit for each year older a patient is, on average. C)change in the age of the patient for each extra day since the last visit. D)average days since last visit for all of the patients. Ans: B 3.Using this line, you predict that the number of days since last visit to the clinic for a 50-year-old patient will be about A) 63 days. B) 78 days. C) 165 days. D) 200 days. E) 252 days. Ans: C 4.What can we say about the relationship between a correlation r and the slope b of the least-squares line for the same set of data? A)r is always larger than b. B)r and b always have the same sign (+ or ). C)b is always larger than r. D)b and r are measured in the same units. E)Both C and D are correct. Ans: B 5.A study of 3617 adults found that those who attend religious services live longer (on the average) than those who dont. Is this good evidence that attending services causes longer life? A)Yes, because the study is an experiment. B)No, because religious people may differ from non-religious people in other ways, such as smoking and drinking, that affect life span. C)Yes, because the sample is so large that the margin of error will be quite small. D)No, because we cant generalize from 3617 people to the millions of adults in the country. Ans: B 6.If the least-squares regression line for predicting y from x is y = 500 20x, what is the predicted value of y when x = 10? A) 300 B) 500 C) 4800 D) 700 E) 20 Ans: A 7.Perfect correlation means all of the following except A)r = 1 or r = +1. B)all points on the scatterplot lie on a straight line. C)all variation in one variable is explained by variation in the other variable. D)there is a causal relationship between the variables. E)each variable is a perfect predictor of the other. Ans: D 8.The correlation coefficient for these data is r = 0.45. Which of the following statements is true? A)Predictions using this equation will be fairly poor since about 45% of the variation in price can be explained by the linear relationship with number of pages. B)Predictions using this equation will be fairly good since about 45% of the variation in price can be explained by the linear relationship with number of pages. C)Predictions using this equation will be fairly poor since about 20% of the variation in price can be explained by the linear relationship with number of pages. D)Predictions using this equation will be fairly good since about 20% of the variation in price can be explained by the linear relationship with number of pages. Ans: C 9.The best way to settle questions of causation is A)a careful observational study. D)to draw a line graph. B)a properly designed experiment. E)to calculate a correlation. C)to draw a scatterplot. Ans: B

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Making the Case to Get a Business Degree

Making the Case to Get a Business Degree Business is a popular academic path for many students. These are just some of the reasons to major in business at the undergraduate or graduate level. Business is a Practical Major Business is sometimes known as the play it safe major because it is a practical choice for almost anyone. Every organization, regardless of industry, relies on business principles to prosper. Individuals who have a solid business education are not only poised to start their own business, they also have the practical skills needed to excel in a variety of positions in the industry of their choice. Demand for Business Majors is High The demand for business majors will always be high because there is an endless number of career opportunities available to individuals with a good business education. Employers in every industry need people who have been trained to organize, plan, and manage within an organization. In fact, there are many companies in the business industry who rely on business school recruiting alone to acquire new employees. You Could Earn a High Starting Salary There are some individuals who spend more than $100,000 on a graduate-level business education. These individuals know that they will make all of that money back within a year or two after graduation if they can find the right position. Starting salaries for business majors can be high, even at the undergraduate level. According to Census Bureau data, business is one of the highest paying majors. In fact, the only majors that pay more are architecture and engineering; computers, mathematics and statistics; and health. Students who earn an advanced degree, like an MBA, can earn even more. An advanced degree can make you eligible for management positions with very lucrative salaries, such as Chief Executive Officer or Chief Finance Officer. There are Plenty of Opportunities for Specialization Majoring in business isnt as straightforward as most people believe it is. There are more opportunities for specialization in business than most other fields. Business majors can choose to specialize in accounting, finance, human resources, marketing, nonprofits, management, real estate, or any path that relates to business and industry. If you arent sure what you want to do for the rest of your life, but you need to pick a major, business is a good option. You can always choose a specialization that fits your personality and career goals later on. You Could Start Your Own Business Most business programs⠁  - at the undergraduate and graduate level⠁  - contain core business courses in accounting, finance, marketing, management, and other essential business topics. The knowledge and skills that you obtain in these core classes are easily transferable to entrepreneurial pursuits, which means that you could easily start your own business after your earn your business degree. If you already know that you want to start your own company, you could major in business and minor or specialize in entrepreneurship to give yourself an extra edge.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Unit 1 Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Unit 1 Discussion Board - Essay Example Based on recent statistics, for instance, the national health care expenditure amounted to $1,299.5 billion. (Patel, Rushefsky & McFarlane 2005, p. 7) However, the situation today is far from the ideal and that many criticisms were voiced in regard to the decline of the entire public health system. Despite the current extensive coverage by the federal government in many aspects of health care, many programs have failed (such as the short-lived Clinton health care reform) and the national health care performance continues to deteriorate. The argument is that financing is not the problematic area; instead, the problems include the unbalanced appropriation of the funds as well as the inefficient public health infrastructure brought about by organizational turmoil and fractionalized interest. These dilemmas are consequences of a politicized health care system, wherein politicians decide populist policies in order to be elected. According to a report made by the Institute of Medicine in 1988, many health departments suffer problems of health care delivery, financing and quality of personal health services. It cited that public health services have fallen into disarray while the ability of the public health system to take effective actions to deal with continuing and emerging public health threats is questionable. A later report – one that has been published in 2002 - concluded that not a great deal has changed since the previous report, stressing that public health law at all levels of government is outdated and internally inconsistent creating inefficiency and lack of coordination. These developments underscore the role that the political system in the US plays in the public health system of the nation. To illustrate: Instead of prioritizing the goals and objectives of an existing health care program, new directions and policies would be introduced because the tide of public opinion as reflected in the polls

Friday, October 18, 2019

Runology in Scandinavia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Runology in Scandinavia - Essay Example This alphabet uses only sixteen runes, and in many cases one symbol is used to represent many sounds. Even when dealing with the Younger Futhark, there are several related but slightly different alphabets that vary by place and time. These can be roughly divided into two main types: the first is the "long-branch" or normal Younger Futhark, which are sometimes referred to as the "Danish runes". There is also a variant known as the "short-twig runes" in which the forms are simpler, also called the "Norwegian-Swedish runes". "Shorthand" versions of these futharks appeared, as did hybrid variants. What exact form was used depended on exactly what date one is looking at, and what region. By the Middle Ages, as the language changed and so did the runic alphabet. Gradually symbols were changed, and new symbols adopted, resulting in a 16-rune alphabet plus extensions. Most of the surviving Viking Age runic inscriptions come from rune-stones, which were erected as grave markers, memorials, and cenotaphs most often. By the middle ages in Scandinavia, runes came to be used occasionally to record Latin inscriptions (approximately 10% of all medieval runic inscriptions are Latin) and these usually invocations of saints or prayers. Occasionally runes are found on various wooden items such as crosses. In Bergen, Norway, 110 "ownership tags" have been found, shaped in many cases so that they can be easily attached to goods or merchandise. Several runic "business memos" have also been discovered in Bergen, usually on a wooden stick which has been whittled flat on at least one side, with the most usual type having four flat sides for inscription. Since the runes occurred in a fixed order, carpenters and construction workers used them to label wooden roof beams for churches so that they went up in the correct order. The oldest runes discovered in Norway date from 400 AD. They were based upon the 24 - rune Elder Futhark of Germanic origin. Two of the runes in the Elder Futhark, Pertra and Eoh, have never been found in any Norwegian rune text. From 550 AD to 700 AD there was a transition period between the older 24-rune Futhark and the newer 16-rune Futharks. By the end of this period, the 24-rune Futhark went completely out of use and the 16-rune Futharks had prevailed. Then, about 900 AD, the Shorttwiggs-runes were introduced from Sweden. Shortly thereafter, from 1000 AD, Futharks with more than 16 runes became more prevalent, as these were more consistent with the Latin alphabet. These types of runes were used in Norway up to 1800 AD. After the end of the Viking period the runes became more and more in common use by ordinary people. A lot of rune inscriptions from the end of 1100's, 1200's and 1300's, the so-called town runes, show that it was not only the professional scribes who wrote runes. Even the ordinary people had learned the art of reading and writing runes because runes were the most accessible tool for them and were useful in their mercantile trading. "Training sticks" have been found which were used to learn runes, showing that more people could write and read than one had previously believed. It is interesting that knowledge of runes

Argumentative Structure in A Long Way Gone and Sizwe's Test - A Essay

Argumentative Structure in A Long Way Gone and Sizwe's Test - A Comparative Study - Essay Example More importantly each of them have revealed an as yet undiscovered face to the causes that they explore – adding significantly to our understanding of them and their potency. The purpose of this paper is to discern the argumentative structure in either narration and to provide a comparative study based on specific examples from either. Very often, such a study in itself can be very fruitful towards understanding the works better as a pivotal change in narration, a particular emphasis on a style of argument that permeates a given work, or certain paragraph that stand out clearly in it’s narration as opposed to the rest of the text, add significantly to the depth of the work and subconsciously affects the reader’s enjoyment adding or subtracting from it as the case maybe. Before we proceed to the core of our discussion, it would be advisable to consider both works separately and understand the gist of their argument, as this would be important for understanding why a particular work has adopted a particular point of narration. A Long way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier, written by Ishmael Beah, published in 2007, is an autobiographical account of the plight of boy soldiers in world’s conflicts and in particular tell this story from the war ravaged Sierra Leone. ... He presents his story in front of the United Nations where he meets many other people like him and story carries him to the United States where he begins a new life 2. The story tells the hardship of the life of boy soldiers, children who anywhere else in the world are still in the innocence of their childhood and hands that carry books haven’t yet the crassness of a knife. Sierra Leone opens before us in wonderful detail, with the layers of it’s social interaction being visible in greater strides finally dissolving into a medley of social interactions that we all can identify and relate to. Sizwe’s Test by Jonny Steinberg, published in 2008, tells the story of the AIDS epidemic in South Africa. No other country perhaps has been at the peril of this scourge as perhaps South Africa where one in eight men are HIV positive1. Steinberg is puzzled that despite this, most people do not get tested for HIV, nor do they adopt widespread safe sex practices. His story tells us the complex socio – economic realities in the suburban slum of Lusikisiki, thorugh the eyes of Sizwe – a local shop owner 3. The story begins and then proceeds at a casual tone of narration, getting the reader to the characters and the environment in which they live. Then they reveal in wider and ever expanding circles the layers of this semi-urban community and finally tells us why the people are so stigmatized about HIV. Sizwe has had unprotected sex with many women and is at great risk himself, but he refuses to get tested. He becomes the window through which Steinberg narrates the tale of Lusikisiki. The absolute lack of privacy, the fear of being shown as

The causes of the civil war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The causes of the civil war - Essay Example In the South, slavery was becoming an outdated method of agricultural production as industrialization was taking hold. Similar economies in the Caribbean, Latin America, and Europe had already abandon the practice of slavery and there was no reason to believe that the US would not soon follow. However, by 1860 events and policies enacted since the nations birth had moved the US to the brink of civil war. If slavery was not really at the heart of Americas motivation for going to war, then what were the reasons? The reasons why nations go to war are usually various and complicated, and the American Civil War is not an exception. Although the main reason which provoked the two sides in the Civil war was slavery, three different aspects of the impact of slavery were at the center of the disagreements. These aspects are political, economic, and social. Slavery was certainly a moral issue in regards to the Civil War and was always a contributing influence to the multiple causes of war. Since Americas inception its leaders, such as Thomas Jefferson, well understood that slavery must soon be abolished. In an 1805 letter to William Burwell, Jefferson wrote, "The value of the slave is every day lessening; his burden on his master daily increasing. Interest is therefore preparing the disposition to be just; and this will be goaded from time to time by the insurrectionary spirit of the slaves".1 However, the founding fathers failed to include slavery in the original documents. In addition, the Federation was designed as a weak federal government with significant states rights. States rights, a central issue of the Civil War, had been heavily debated since the Continental Congress. The Articles of Confederation, the first US Constitution, confirmed that the Federal government should be weak and the states should retain their individual po wer.2 The need to abolish slavery, and the weak federal system helped perpetuate the issue towards ultimate war. The conflicting goals

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Bussiness ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bussiness ethics - Research Paper Example a type of moral relativism. Likewise, a further level of distance will be sought from the point of view that morality is ultimately immutable and constant; i.e. a type of moral absolutism. In this way, a type of combination approach in which some aspects of ethics and morality are unchanging and others are informed as a result of the situation and the times; i.e. a type of moral objectivism. For purposes of this response, normative morality will be considered as the ethical action and descriptive morality will be defined as the way in which morality and ethics are understood within the constraints of individual beliefs. a. Businesses can have ethical standards, but Businesses are not moral agents. Do you agree or disagree? With regards to businesses not being moral agents, this is a statement that this author patently disagrees with. A moral agent is merely an entity that through proper application of moral behavior and ethical decisions is able to project these forces onto the envir onment within which they ultimately interact or operate within. As such, a business has the strong possibility, even perhaps the requirement, of being a moral agent within the community and/or environment within which they operate. b. Is it true that the â€Å"bottom line† of business is profit and profit alone? Likewise, with respect to the statement above, it is the belief of this author, supported by the proof of many unethical businesses that have risen and fallen within the past, that the ultimate bottom line cannot entirely rest upon profitability. The fact of the matter is that the entropy of the business world means that firms must continually fight not only for profits but for market share and customers within the system. As such, seeking to focus upon a bottom line that only cares about profit will necessarily yield to a failed business due to the fact that ethics, morality, and other key human and social concerns will not be considered; thereby ultimately affecting the performance of the firm and/or the way it is viewed within the marketplace. c. In business, are there other less tangible goals that are intrinsic to and just as important as making money? The intangible goals such as providing humane and ethical conditions of employment as well as the end product or service to the customer is more important if not more than the intrinsic goal of making money. In the short term, such a plan may work to provide a level of business continuation; however, the other aspects of a business model or plan will ultimately make or break the longevity of the firm/enterprise/organization. d. Why should we be moral as individuals? Ultimately, morality as an individual comes down to seeking to maximize the good that exists in the world. Although making moral decisions can oftentimes be difficult, a moral choice is the one that best upholds the needs of the individual as well as the needs of greater society. In this way, seeking to behave in an ethically resp onsible manner as well as morally will ensure that the greater good within each and every situation is attempted to be maximized. Rather than merely seeking to further our own ends (i.e. a type of utilitarianism), the ultimate goal should be to further our ow

Alexandria Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Alexandria - Research Paper Example To add to this, they had no navigation tools and only used stars and eyesight for knowing directions. The light house thus formed a major point of showing directions to travellers in the region during both the day and the night (Stokes 67). Sostracus was a Greek architect from Asia in a minor city of Cnidus (Hamilton 21). During the construction, he wanted to put the king’s name alongside his name on the great art of the light house but his request was not granted by the pharaoh at the time, Ptolemy. Sostracus then decided to play a trick on the king by first carving his own carving bearing his name a task which he did with a lot of artistic design. He then made the kings carving which was made from mere plaster (Hamilton 29). With time the plaster washed away and left only his own carving which reads ‘Sostratos of Cnidus, son of Dexiphanes, to the savior gods, for sailors’. This is a show of how creative Sostracus was with his artistic designs. He had skills to e nable him do anything. This essay thus tries to analyze and discuss all the artistic styles and symbolism he used as an artist. It gives why he chose to use the specific artistic styles and their symbolism in the work (Stokes 77). The light house was built on a very large space. ... This is evident from the fact that with time the name lighthouse started to represent the name pharos. Travellers now referred to pharaoh as the light house. The large base area of the light house showed the stability of the king’s council and the large army he had for security purposes. It also shows the stability of the trade he was conducting at the city. The light house was built to enable guide traders to the Alexandria city for trade purposes. Being huge was also a representation of the massive trade and money at the place. This thus attracted a lot of people at the place. The lighthouse was also very tall (Doak 85). Being tall was a representation of how far their power can go. Their power included monetary value and the fierce army they had (Stokes 55). Considering the material used in the building of the light house; white marble. It is a representation of the peaceful nature of the country. Being white shows that the trade transacted at the place was blameless and wi thout deceit and lies (Bowman 21). It was also a representation of the good leadership of Egypt by the pharos. Marble is also seen to be very hard. This is seen to be a representation of the powerful and strong governance of Egypt. It shows that the security and protection state of the city and Egypt in general is up to date and no invasion can manage to bring it down. The smooth nature of marble is a representation of the peaceful nature of Egypt and Alexandria as a trading venue. It shows that the inhabitants of Egypt and the leaders do not have ill plans to the visitors and the traders to the place (Bowman 29). The third piece of the light house was mainly build using limestone.

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Bussiness ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bussiness ethics - Research Paper Example a type of moral relativism. Likewise, a further level of distance will be sought from the point of view that morality is ultimately immutable and constant; i.e. a type of moral absolutism. In this way, a type of combination approach in which some aspects of ethics and morality are unchanging and others are informed as a result of the situation and the times; i.e. a type of moral objectivism. For purposes of this response, normative morality will be considered as the ethical action and descriptive morality will be defined as the way in which morality and ethics are understood within the constraints of individual beliefs. a. Businesses can have ethical standards, but Businesses are not moral agents. Do you agree or disagree? With regards to businesses not being moral agents, this is a statement that this author patently disagrees with. A moral agent is merely an entity that through proper application of moral behavior and ethical decisions is able to project these forces onto the envir onment within which they ultimately interact or operate within. As such, a business has the strong possibility, even perhaps the requirement, of being a moral agent within the community and/or environment within which they operate. b. Is it true that the â€Å"bottom line† of business is profit and profit alone? Likewise, with respect to the statement above, it is the belief of this author, supported by the proof of many unethical businesses that have risen and fallen within the past, that the ultimate bottom line cannot entirely rest upon profitability. The fact of the matter is that the entropy of the business world means that firms must continually fight not only for profits but for market share and customers within the system. As such, seeking to focus upon a bottom line that only cares about profit will necessarily yield to a failed business due to the fact that ethics, morality, and other key human and social concerns will not be considered; thereby ultimately affecting the performance of the firm and/or the way it is viewed within the marketplace. c. In business, are there other less tangible goals that are intrinsic to and just as important as making money? The intangible goals such as providing humane and ethical conditions of employment as well as the end product or service to the customer is more important if not more than the intrinsic goal of making money. In the short term, such a plan may work to provide a level of business continuation; however, the other aspects of a business model or plan will ultimately make or break the longevity of the firm/enterprise/organization. d. Why should we be moral as individuals? Ultimately, morality as an individual comes down to seeking to maximize the good that exists in the world. Although making moral decisions can oftentimes be difficult, a moral choice is the one that best upholds the needs of the individual as well as the needs of greater society. In this way, seeking to behave in an ethically resp onsible manner as well as morally will ensure that the greater good within each and every situation is attempted to be maximized. Rather than merely seeking to further our own ends (i.e. a type of utilitarianism), the ultimate goal should be to further our ow

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Empowering Diverse Populations Essay Example for Free

Empowering Diverse Populations Essay Firstly, with this article, the usage of the term ‘minority groups’ and ‘minority’ was somehow in opposition to what the article posited about cultural competence and sensitivity. Being a Latino male myself, the author thinks that these two terms are derogatory and add to the ‘debilitating effect’ that the article itself posited. The article mentioned language and words which were used to create oppression within ethnic and cultural groups and were being transformed by these groups into terms that afforded them power. The writer thinks that the word ‘minority’ should not be used in referring to these groups who are more marginalized and oppressed. Using a systems point of view, outside systems impose these labels on the so-called ‘minority groups’ who tend to either reject or accept this input according to their own needs. However, in empowering diverse populations, the writer agrees with the article wherein she had cited Paolo Friere’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed in creating one’s on knowledge and situation to better understand the situation of a larger whole. Using indigenous knowledge of a group, individual or family, the social worker will be able to help them reach a higher understanding of their situation in connection to the larger society. The article’s focus on family fragmentation and disconnection as a result of a diversifying society (Pinderhughes, 1995) is only one effect of how wider influences and diverse cultures are affecting the world. However, focusing on the micro level of intervention and merely mentioning policy, institution and structural changes in society to cope with the problem is not enough. This would imply that the article sees family fragmentation as a problem produced within the family itself in its struggle to cope with diversity and oppression. That the family or the individual is the target for change or intervention seems rather derogatory for the writer. A holistic approach must be done, even if a social worker is focused on family practice, one must be able to apply Generalist Social Work Practice in order to solve the problem on all levels. References Pinderhughes, E. (1995). Empowering Diverse Populations: Family Practice in the 21st Century. Families in Society , 131-140.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Neurological Effects of MSG

Neurological Effects of MSG Abstract Due to evolving since in fields such as food science pharmacology, pediatrics, medical psychology, and toxicology, various food additives have come under a sharp review. In the medical field, a controversy has been ranging as to whether MSG should be used at all since diverse research case studies have not only shown its negative effects on health in general but also its neurological effects. Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) has been used as a flavorant in the food industry for close to one hundred years in foods consumed by the masses daily. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies MSG as a food ingredient that is considered generally safe for use by the public, a number of researches such as by Schwartz have shown that it is harmful to the users health and should therefore be banned. Glutamate is naturally found in foods such as milk, poultry, meat and vegetables. Further, the body naturally produces glutamate which is essential for the nervous system. However, syntheti c manufacture has been proven to be harmful. This study purposefully outlines such effects on the nervous sytem and serves to support other recent findings against the use of MSG. Introduction MSG is a food additive that is found in most of the commercial foods. It improves the flavor of the food hence attracting customers. In itself, there is no value addition in terms of nutrition. It actually does nothing to food, but to the eater it is detrimental to their health. MSG is referred to as an excitotoxin or neurotoxin. This is the case since it widely involves the neuroscientists field in that it has degenerative and deadly effects on the brain and the nervous system. MSG actually over stimulates the brain neurons to exhaustion leading to their death. MSG goes to the brain through the membranes in the mouth and the throat. It also enters the blood stream through the digestion of food in the digestive system. MSG will trick the brain to thinking that it is getting value from the foods that are being taken in. MSG is not natural in nature. It is manmade from glutamic acid which is an amino acid which is found in complete proteins. Amino acids do occur naturally from many pla nts and animal tissues. The artificially created types of Amino acids are processed through the breakdown and the change of the natural form of glutamate. Some of the natural substances used for this purpose are molasses, grain starches and corn. The manipulation process produces various form of glumate. The d-glumate is never found naturally. The free glumates could enter the body 8 to 10 times faster than the bound or the natural glumates. Natural glumate is found in foods like tomatoes, milk and the mushrooms. The commercial methods or techniques used to manufacture glumate were not in use until the 1960s. The MSG in use today is not at all natural Literature review The current research shows that MSG is the cause of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers Huntingtons, Parkinsons and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroscientists, such as Adriene, have explained that MSG attacks the blood-brain barrier of the brain cells which is responsible for protection and regulation of the delicate chemical exchange within the brain cells. The chemical exchange process is normally well balanced and its functionality is unquestionable. Under normal conditions also the brain and the body immune system handles all kinds of pollutants, diseases and stress. A very small amount of toxic substance can actually cause the brain call to over react leading to excessive exhaustion and death (Samuels). MSG is one of the major excitotoxins and is widely known to cause damage to the brain part that governs or controls other systems in the human body. The damage will probably appear as a disorder in the nervous system and the endocrine system. This can be manifested in the cases of unusual sleeping patterns, persistent hunger and food cravings. This usually leads to obesity. MSG is also known to cause migraine headaches, behavioral disorders, asthma attacks, depression, heart irregularities, arthritis, sinus problems and digestive problems (Anglesey). MSG is a neurotoxin that takes a very short time to create a widely diverse and dramatic effect on the human body. An individual may take a mild dosage of a prescription drug and have mild effects which may even be favorable. However, another person may take the same prescription drug and instead, get depressed, have stomach disorders, a swollen tongue and aching joints. The different parts of the brain do govern various body functions. The part which is attacked will directly depend on the brain part that has been attacked by the excitotoxin. If for example a person has had a head injury, a genetic pinch in a given part of the brain, has had a fever that is attacking parts of the brain, or even has had a stroke, then it is certain that the part of the brain that has been affected will be due to the toxins. Some of the foods that are sold are sold as weight loss promotions to the people. When food substances such as fat and sugar are removed from the foods, MSG together with aspartame is usually added. These excitotoxins are known to cause obesity and irregular heartbeats in many people. FDA usually allows the labeling of MSGS as natural flavors, hydrolyzed proteins and autolyzed yeast when used as just a component ingredient in an additive and not purely MSG. Americans today are consuming 160 million pounds of MSG per annum. A toxicologist and an author by the name Dr, George Schwartz claims that two table spoons of MSG on a piece of bread could kill a medium sized dog within a minute. The FDA in the year 1995 claimed that no one can react to less than 3 grams of MSG per meal. However, despite their confirmation, they have warned that MSG should be avoided by children, pregnant or lactating women, the elderly and those who suffer Asthma. A highly sensitive individual can react even to less than a gram of MSG (Blaylock). Effects and Related disorders Research has shown that in the late 1950s, an estimated amount of 12 grams per person per year of MSG was used by the Americans. Looking at the same issue today, the estimate has shot to between 400 and 500 grams per person per year. This is an amount that needs evaluation by FDA. (Anglesey) The wide usage of MSG came in the mid 1970s. It gained much popularity with producers of food through the 1980s. Two powerful excitotoxic food additives that took the food industry by storm were the MSG and aspartame. MSG has been widely associated with a wide range of diseases, symptoms and complaints. As earlier stated, it affects the neurological system of the body. The same ailments are today being reported to be on their rise. Often the ailments are quite unexpected and hard to explain either. Neorological effects of MSG and statistics of interest published by national organizations have been listed here-in. Fibromyalgia: this is a growing epidemic. Its patients eliminated MSG and aspartame during the study conducted by Florida University which reported complete relief of symptoms in 2001. However, the most cognitive study was carried by Smith, Shmidt and Guns who sought to prove the link between Fibromyalgia and MSG with several other additives as a common rheumatologic disorder. In this case, 4 patients were diagnosed for 2-17 years with fibromyalgia syndrome. However, they had undergone various modalities of treatment while failing to consider MSG as the causative agent. After eliminating aspartame and MSG from their diets, complete or near complete resolution of symptoms diagnosed were recorded within months. In this case analysis, the subjects were women who had multiple comorbidities and recurring symptoms after the ingestion of MSG. It is therefore indicative that t he excitotoxins, present in substances such as Aspartate and MSG, become excitatory neurotransmitters once ingested, and if consumed in excess can lead to neurotoxicity. These 4 patients may therefore represent this fibromyalgia syndrome and act as a link to conclusively establish a link to MSG. Therefore, persistent studies, if carried out on a larger sample, might serve to link the fibromyalgia syndrome to MSG and aspartame more concretely (Murray). Further, a study posted in MSGTruth.org is instrumental in linking MSG to pituitary adenomas. MSG overstimulates the hypothalamus which consequently leads damage on the neurons. The hypothalamus is responsible for directing the pituitary glands actions, which is also referred to as the master gland since it in turn directs all other glands in the body and their actions such as metabolism, development of sex and reproductive organs and other key development functions. Statistics have shown that 25% of Kenyans develop a pituitary adenoma in the course of their lives. However, studies linking pituitary adenomas to MSG are inconclusive. Some studies had previously depicted this as a genetic disorder but have however been proven wrong. About half of the pituitary adenomas secrete prolactin. Prolactinomas vcan become extremely large over time to crowd the optic nerve thereby affecting vision. It is however detected early in women since it interferes with menses and stops ovulation. This prevents conception or pregnancy in general. Further, since prolactin is responsible for lactation, secretion can cause lactation in the victim even if they were never pregnant or even if they are male. Hence, men with these adenomas develop breasts which have the capacity to secrete milk. Unlike in women who are forewarned by the effects on vision or associated headaches, this condition is deadly in men since the tumor can only be detected when it is large and dangerous. Further, research records by most governments are only kept for cancerous tumors while benign tumor, such as in this case, are neglected hence making it the more difficult not only to research on especially as to its link to aspartine and MSG but also to treat. Trea tment is very expensive. There are only two treatments with Dostinex, a carbegoline, is normally preferred which costs approximately $ 30 a tablet. Therefore, there is a need to sponsor more research as to the link to MSG and brain tumors (Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) and Aspartame). Other effects that have been attributed to MSG and its neurological disorders are headaches and migraines, asthma, obesity among others. In headaches and migraines: an approximate amount of $ 2.2 billion per year are being spent on drugs which treat headaches. This chronic condition has received a 74% increase from the years 1980 to 1990. Secondly, Asthma has been linked to MSG and related to the brain effects. According to statistics there was a decline of asthma until the mid-eighties. Since then however, there has been a recorded 100% increase in the rate of death among the children and the seniors. This incidence has increased 600% in the last 10 years. FDA has identified that the uncontrollable asthma can be caused by MSG, unfortunately no further measures are taken to deal with the situation. Defects of birth and disorders of production: MSG has been identified as a mutagen i.e. mutates fetuses. It is said to cause damage to the intellectual development, reproduction, growth pa tterns and the gonadal functions. However, such research has not been concrete. Other effects are neurological or emotional disorders. Laboratory studies have shown devastating effects on brain development. This includes autism, attention deficit, dyslexia, hyperactivity, violent episodes or rage, panic attacks, depression, paranoia, seizures and cerebral palsy. Rats were used for this study. However, human beings are 5 times more sensitive to MSG than rats. Obesity too has been linked to MSG and the nervous system. This is the most consistent effect of excitotoxins exposure and can be termed as a growing problem that does not respect age or sexual boundaries. In fact scientists uses glumate to feed animals used in the laboratories with an aim of inducing obesity. MSG will trigger insulin or adrenalin or fat storage or even a food craving response. This actually depletes the serotonin levels which in turn trigger headaches, depression and fatigue and also leads to food cravings. Finally, it is vital to note the following maladies and diseases are also attributed to MSG. Heart maladies: for the Americans, more than 70 million of them do suffer one or more forms of cardiovascular disease. 43% of all deaths in America are related to this same problem. Cardiovascular operations in the US went up with 287% from the year 1980 to 1990. Alzheimers disease: in the 1980s, this disease was nowhere among the highly identifiable health threats. It is however ranked third in todays statistics after cancer and heart disease. There are 4 million people afflicted by the disease at a cost of $47,000 per person per year in healthcare costs. Parkinsons, ALS, MS and the Huntingtons diseases like Alzheimers are all progressively growing neurogenic diseases that show brain and nerve cell damage. There are also other symptoms of MSG sensitivity that include swollen throat and tongue, joint pain, skin disorders, sleeping disorders, burning, tightness of the face or its redness, vert igo and gastrointestinal complaints. This subject of disorders in behavior for children is becoming a common discussion among professionals. The Studies that are already done have widely associated the violent behavior, attention deficits and emotional instability to chemical imbalances occurring in the brain. The reason that young brains are developing the blood-brain barrier, it is now becoming an extreme possibility that there will be early damage caused by excitotoxins. In April 1994, a time magazine article confirmed the rising problem of behavioral disorders. The magazine stated that the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was not in existence 15 years ago. It is however said that it is now affecting 3.3 million American children. This magazine article quotes a prominent research which 10 years ago stated that symptoms of ADHD and ADD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) vanished with maturity. Today however, ADD is now the fastest growing diagnostic category for the adults. The combination of excitotoxins i.e. MSG and aspartame came into wide usage in the 1980s. The drug sale rate for these disorders has shot up by almost 400% in a period of 4 years only. MSG is now a known mutagen. Its damage occurs in the womb as chemicals pass from the womb of the mother into the blood system of the fetus. The old people do show high vulnerability rates to the progressive neuro-generative diseases. An example of such diseases is Alzheimers.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Imagine You Are Boo Radley. Nathan Has Just Cemented Up The Knot Hole :: English Literature

Imagine You Are Boo Radley. Nathan Has Just Cemented Up The Knot Hole In The Tree. What Are Your Thoughts And Feelings? I feel as if my connection with the real world has been broken by my own father and now brother continues with this same lack of compassion. If it was not for them treating me this way, after one incident, I would not be here, and perhaps I would be leading a normal life away from my family. I am treated like a caged animal repeatedly put down by my own family saying how much of a disappointment I am. The children play outside as I would have liked to do. To be able to go outside and being allowed to live as a human would. They have a friend who visits them every summer. The act out scenes from various things they must make up. They walk to school like normal people, not like me. If it wasn't for all those unpleasant rumours people spread about me, brought upon by my family keeping me in the house like a monster, people would not have a fear of me. Most people haven't even seen me in the flesh so what would they know? For fifteen long years I have sat in the house with nothing to do no communication accept with my pitiful family. The children are like a new lease of life, the only people I see who even come up to the house. I was so happy when they were stood outside the house. Jem came up to the house. I was enthralled wondering why he was coming to call for me. I stood at the window amazed. Unfortunately he must have lost his nerve and ran away so I just peeked through the shutters to see what else they were up to. They stared back at me. For once I had communication with a normal person. My father died I was so upset but yet I felt free, that was of course until my brother arrived. He too keeps me in the house as often as he can showing no empathy for how I feel. I have sat and wondered for many years how I could change my image to make me look a lot more pleasant, but how am I to achieve this if I cannot venture outdoors. I knew Jem and his sister who he referred to as Scout. They were the only children who came within a hundred yards of the house, without running. A tree positioned just around the corner from our house seemed the perfect place to try and make contact

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Lord of the Flies - Who I think would make the best leader on the island: :: English Literature

Lord of the Flies - Who I think would make the best leader on the island: Ralph, Piggy or Jack? The Novel that this piece of writing is based upon is named "Lord of the Flies". The author of the book is William Golding who wrote many other books including Close quarters and Fire down below. This essay is on my opinion of who would be the best leader on the island out of Ralph, Piggy and Jack. I will base my opinions on my assumption of what makes a good leader and my general feelings of their actions, reactions and appearance. These three predicaments make large differences in how other people feel towards you. If you have become irritable easily people may ignore you or if you can not make good decisions of your own they may feel more powerful than you. So these are my reasons of how I will judge the characters. Another aspect I will have to consider is the first impressions made on the characters and how Golding provoked these. What makes a good leader is someone who does not take sides in bad situations, someone who is organised, they can be independent, confident, good ideas, a quick thinker, non-judgmental, works well under pressure, reliable, takes charge and can see good and bad in people. All these points are good because people following the leaders do not want to be under pressure because the leader can not take certain circumstances, followers also do not a leader who is not confident because then they have to be more positive. Also if the leader does not give their followers praise then they will become doubtful about their leader. Piggy is described by Golding as: "The naked crooks of his knees were plump" and "he was shorter than the fair boy (Ralph) and very fat" Piggy wears glasses and this seems to make people disrespect him. For example on page 75 where Jack knocks Piggy's glasses of his face and breaks one side. Jack doesn't apologise to Piggy very quickly and when he does it is in a childish manner whereas before when he and Ralph had had an argument Jack's response was more of an adult nature. Ralph and Jack's argument is on pages 51-52. The argument is about Jack's hunting because he has not helped with the making of the shelters so Ralph is mad. An example of the Adult nature is straight after the argument when Ralph says: " 'You've noticed haven't you?' Jack put down his spear and squatted 'Noticed what?' 'Well. They're frightened.'" This behaviour is very well showed because they forget about the

Friday, October 11, 2019

Dialectics in Oryx and Crake Essay

Canadian author Margaret Atwood’s novel Oryx and Crake, is about an anti-utopian society that chronicles the collapse of civilization and corrupt medical practice. The town’s morals are highly questionable, in that the majority of the citizens approve of gene splicing, transgenic animals, like mixing a dog’s genetic code with a wolf, and transplanting animal organs in human beings. The book poses a question of what is truly ethical in medical practice? This story has an immediate correlation to the island of Dr.  Moreau, by H. G. Wells, in which a mad scientist creates a dysfunctional society of genetically spliced transgenic animals as well. Like The Island of Dr. Moreau, Margaret Atwood relies on dialectical elements. Dialectic is a classical philosophy originated by the Greeks that depended on the furthering of society through thesis and antithesis. In modern day it has developed between most scholastics as a fine art of persuasion. It is ever present in Oryx and Crake through the dialectics produced through Crake’s insanity. His main dialectical argument is that society has become morally bankrupt and is due for a change and Crake claims intellectual right over all of man kind. His views are presented as deliriously radical, but there is irony in the fact that the University that Crake attends is named Asperger’s U. A term used to describe people who are usually extremely intelligent and often very eccentric, it be could argued that Atwood hints to imply Crake may be the correct one after all, and that the rest of society is wrong. This virtually tyrannical takeover of both the world and the lives of Oryx and Snowman are done entirely through aggressive persuasion. In the formation of Crake, Atwood creates an insanely ranting lunatic, with whom in the end the reader has no choice but to sympathize. The dialectic argument that is posed here is that the dye is cast. Atwood, acknowledges that our society’s morals tread a fine line from damnation, and she writes a novel that puts us one step over that line. The reader has no choice but to sympathize with Crakes’ actions because he is a product of an unbearable world, not too distant from our own. The novel itself, poses a persuasive argument to the reader, in that all of the occurrences in the plot are rationally plausible. There are scenes in the novel where the two men, Crake and Snowman, are attending college together and enjoying their favorite pastimes. These hobbies include, watching nudie news, live executions, and child pornography. In the beginning moments of the lives of the two main characters, the reader views a demoralized world, in which it appears even the plot’s hero is desensitized to the plight of his society. The ironic and reasonable argument posed is that all of these things they are doing, we can do today in our society. At the same time, child pornography, nude news, and live executions online are all either frowned upon and remotely new to our society. Atwood presents the enjoyment of these practices like they are common occurrences. The same goes for gene splicing. It is widely debated as an immoral and illegal act, but it is reasonable enough to think that with the passing of time eventually a law can be passed to legalize both gene splicing and child pornography. This would inadvertently make the use and distribution of these practice more heavily abundant in society and change the moral makeup of the people as a whole. A third persuasive argument the novel poses, and this is more from a perspective of female empowerment, is the idea of polyandry. It is historically a man’s fantasy and an empowering element for the man, while degrading to the woman, for a man to have two wives. Atwood poses the exact opposing scenario in this novel. On one end the idea of polyandry is implied through the relationships both Snowman and Crake have with Oryx. It is directly inferred to in that the Crakers only breed when they are polyandrous. This like most of the novel is a play on societal norms. Underlying in the dialectic argument of the novel are societal implications. For example, by Atwood calling Crakes’ creations the Crakers, she creates an implied connection on words to the Quakers, who are known for starting their own Christian new world. Crake also embodies the values of real time corporations, in that he creates a medical demand for his products through unleashing a virus. His behavior can only be expected by his inherent capabilities and by him being the product of a moral-less society. Atwood’s novel is also fueled by human nature, the horrific experiences the characters go through and their apathetic reactions actually seem believable because they are so human. An example of this is shown in the scene where Crake has just destroyed society as we know it and snowman watches the devastation on the internet, The whole thing seemed like a movie†¦The worst of it was that those people out there – the fear, the suffering, the wholesale death – did not really touch him (Atwood, 2004). It is ironic that Atwood makes a reference to the end of society being like a movie; this exposes snowman’s adolescent and distant nature, as well as makes him appear more human. This also connects back to the live executions witnessed online earlier in the novel. These are examples of Atwood using real time human tendencies to show her characters’ disenfranchisement from society. The actions following this scene consist of snowman leading the Crakers out into the new world in which they find glow-in-the-dark bunnies running rampant. This is another societal implication in that this was the actual result of transgenic Dr. Eduardo Kac, who spliced rabbit and jellyfish DNA in the year 2000. In sum, the dialectic philosophy is present in Margaret Atwood’s novel, Oryx and Crake in that it poses multiple arguments. It supports these arguments through real-time societal implications, believable characters, and a radical thesis carried out by Crake. Atwood’s literary genius is revealed in the fact that, all three of these elements draw sympathy from the reader, and in effect persuade the reader to believe the rationale behind the destruction of their own society.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Lab Questions About Stress Essay

How is positive parenting different from negative parenting? Which do you think is more effective? Why? Do you think positive parenting should have more rules or fewer rules in the home? Why? How would you deal with a situation of biting? Do you think your approach would fit into a â€Å"positive parenting† framework? Why or why not? Why do new parents feel pressure? What are some of the biggest sources of worry for new parents? Why do you think have become so caught up in the details rather than in basic parenting? How can you know if a baby is happy? Why do you think crying is so stressful for parents?  How do you think you would do as a parent? What challenges do you think you’d face? Lab Questions Positive parenting is different from negative parenting because a positive parenting is when they encourage their kids to speak their mind and help them build up their self-esteem while negative parenting is trying to control their child’s life. I think positive parenting should have fewer rules because in order to be a positive parent you should be able to trust your children to make the right decisions. I would deal with biting by either giving the child chew toys for kids and tell them no biting when they start. I believe my approach would fit into the â€Å"positive parenting† framework because I would be teaching the child that its not ok to bite without yelling at him. New parents feel pressure because they are taking care of a new born child. They have other people watching them to see how they are doing as a new parent. Some reasons new parents can feel that they have pressure upon them is they can get a little overwhelmed with the new child and can worry about the child’s health. They start to over worry in some ways thinking anything could be wrong with them which puts a lot of pressure on them without them realizing that they are doing it to themselves. So many people have gotten caught up in what actually makes them a good parent that they are starting  to go a little bit over board with the parenting thing. A good parent should not have to thin about how to be a good parent it should just happen. You can tell a child is happy by knowing when they are sleeping, when they eat, and their emotions throughout the day. If they are all normal and at a normal time your child should be fine. When a baby is crying it can be very stressful on the parents because not all of the time the parents know what the child wants at that point in time and it can also give the parents headaches or it can stop them from sleeping at night. I think I would do pretty good as a new parent. I have been pretty good as a baby sitter with all ages and I believe I would face the same challenges any other new parent would face such as financial issues, stress, and the pressure from other parents or my parents.

Wednesday, October 9, 2019

Itm 440 Paper on Bonjour

ITM 440- ­? 540 Introduc0on to Data Networking and the Internet 03/03/12 1 Router Architectures †¢? There are 3 steps a router must follow to process and forward a packet to the next hop. –? Check an incoming packet for errors and other parameters –? Look up the des0na0on address in a forwarding table to determine the proper output port for the packet –? Send the packet out the port 03/03/12 2 Router like a Train Roundhouse 03/03/12 3 Router Architecture †¢? Rou0ng can be implemented using soKware based forwarding –? e. g small dsl router, linux box, etc †¢? Hardware Based –? These are larger routers ith forwarding fabric architectures. †¢? ISP routers , Internet backbone, etc 03/03/12 4 Basic Hardware Routers †¢? Routers are very much like computers. –? CPU’s †¢? Several types used not necessarily as powerful as pc –? NVRAM (Flash Memory) †¢? Stores router con? gura0ons –? DRAM †¢? Shared working storage –? ROM †¢? Bootstrap for router OS 03/03/12 5 03/03/12 6 Larger Internet Routers †¢? Fundamental principle is that the func0ons of a router can be split into two dis0nct parts –? Rou0ng and control †¢? Handles protocols, management of router, etc –? Forwarding packets †¢? Handles actual forwarding f packets †¢? Many packets go straight through this func0on 03/03/12 7 03/03/12 8 Router Access †¢? Console Port –? Port for a serial terminal that is the loca0on as the router and is a]ached by a short cable from the serial port on the terminal to the console port on the router (replaced by RJ45) 03/03/12 9 Console Port 03/03/12 10 Router Access †¢? Auxiliary Port –? Port for a serial communica0on that is a remote loca0on 03/03/12 11 Router Access 03/03/12 12 Router Access †¢? Network –? Can always be managed over the same network onwhich it is rou0ng packets 03/03/12 13 03/03/12 14 ForwardingTable Lookups †¢? Longest Match Rule –? Allows a router to determine the best route based on granularity of the masked address. –? Used when a network ID is found to match more than one subnet mask –? The longest match rule is implemented because the longer the mask found, the be]er granularity the router has in exactly de? ning the correct route. –? It is oKen called the best match or the more speci? c route for a given des0na0on 03/03/12 15 †¢? Example: †¢? – Received datagram of 200. 40. 1. 1 †¢? – Route table lookup found two entries: –? 200. 40. 1. 0/24 –? 200. 40. 0. 0/16 †¢? – Route would use he 200. 40. 1. 0/24 03/03/12 16 03/03/12 17 Dual Protocol Stacks †¢? Hosts can have dual protocol stacks –? If the Ethernet type ?eld is 0x800 the packet is hando? to the IPv4 process –? If the Ethernet type ?eld is 0x86DD the packet is handed o? to the IPv6 process 03/03 /12 18 03/03/12 19 Tunneling †¢? Tunneling occurs whenever the normal sequence of encapsula0on headers is violated †¢? Four types of tunnels –? Host to router –? Put a frame into a frame and violate the normal OSI- ­? RM sequence of headers –? Router to router †¢? Hosts with duel stack capabili0es can tunnel IPv6 packets to a dual tack router that is only reachable over a series IPv4 only device †¢? Routers with duel stack capability can tunnel IPv6 packets over an IPv4 infrastructure to other routers 20 03/03/12 Tunneling †¢? Router to host –? Routers with duel stack capabili0es can tunnel IPv6 packets over an IPv4 infrastructure to a duel stack des0na0on host †¢? Host to Host –? Hosts with duel stack capabili0es can tunnel IPv6 packets over an IPv4 infrastructure to other duel stack IP hosts without an intervening router 03/03/12 21 03/03/12 22 Tunneling †¢? The ?rst two methods is when an IPv6 packet is sent to a router nd the endpoint of the tunnel is not the same des0na0on †¢? The last two methods send the encapsulated IPv6 packet directly to the des0na0on host so the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses used correspond to the same host –? The source host or router must have the tunnel’s address con? gured –? This is called con? gured tunneling 03/03/12 23 Automa0c Tunneling †¢? Does not require special con? gura0on †¢? Uses a special form of the IPv6 address †¢? All duel stack IP hosts recognize the format and encapsulate the IPv6 packet inside an IPv4 packet using the embedded IPv4 address, crea0ng an end to end tunnel ? Hosts that only run IPv6 can also duel stack routers to communicate using a special form of the IPv6 03/03/12 24 03/03/12 25 Tunneling Mechanisms †¢? Manually con? gure tunnels –? De? ned in RFC 2893 and both endpoints of the tunnel must have both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses †¢? Generic Rou0ng Encapsula0on (GRE) tunnels †“? Designed to transport non- ­? IP protcols over IP network †¢? IPv4 compa0ble (6over4) tunnels –? Also de? ned in RFC 2893 these are automa0c tunnels based on IPv4 compa0ble IPv6 addresses using the :: (Pv4 address) form of IPv6 address 03/03/12 26 Tunneling Mechanisms †¢? 6to4 unnels –? Another form of automa0c tunnel de? ned in RFC 3065. They use and IPv4 embedded in the IPv6 address to iden0fy the tunnel endpoint †¢? Intra- ­? site Automa0c Tunnel Addressing Protcol (ISATAP) –? Mechanism much like 6to4 tunneling but for local site networks. Uses a special pre? x and the IPv4 address to iden0fy the endpoint 03/03/12 27 6to4 and ISATAP tunnel addressing showing how the 128 bits of the IPv6 address Are structured in each case. (a) 6to4 (b) ISATAP 03/03/12 28 Transi0on Considera0ons †¢? Terminology used for IPv4 to IPv6 transi0on plans for nodes –? IPv4 only node: host or outer that implements only IPv4 –? IPv6/IPv4 (duel ) node: A host or router that implements both IPv4 and IPv6 –? IPv6 only node: A host or router that implements only IPv6 –? IPv6 node: A host or router that implements IPv6 –? IPv4 node: A host or router that implements IPv4 †¢? Includes IPv6 only and duel node 03/03/12 29 †¢? Includes IPv4 only and duel node Transi0on Considera0ons †¢? The plan also de? nes three types of addresses –? IPv4 compa0ble IPv6 address †¢? An address assigned to an IPv6 node that can be used in both IPv6 and IPv4 packets –? IPv4 mapped IPv6 address †¢? An address mapped o an IPv4 only node represented as an IPv6 address –? IPv6 only address †¢? An address globally assigned to any IPv4/IPv6 only node 03/03/12 30 Ques0ons 03/03/12 31 03/03/12 32 Q1 †¢? 1. Which router, based on the architecture in the ?gure, is probably a small site router? Which is probably a large Internet backbone router? †¢? Although architectures vary, t he router with only memory is likely to be a smaller site router. The router with separate hardware forwarding and control plane is likely the backbone router. 03/03/12 33 Q2 †¢? 2. Which output interface, based on the rou0ng table shown in he ?gure, will packets arriving from the directly a]ached host for IPv4 address 10. 10. 11. 1 use for forwarding? Assume longest match is used. †¢? 64 is 0100 0000, 128 is 1000 0000, and 11 is 0000 1011. All three routes match the ?rst 16 bits. The /18 masks (01 and 10) do not match the address bit pa]ern (00) in posi0ons 17 and 18. So 10. 10. 0. 0/16 is the longest match and the packet will use output interface #1. 03/03/12 34 Q3 †¢? 3. Which output interface will packets for 10. 10. 192. 10 use? Assume longest match is used. †¢? 192 is 1100 0000. Again, all three routes match the ?rst 16 bits.The /18 masks (01 and 10) do not match the address bit pa]ern (11) in posi0ons 17 and 18. So 10. 10. 0. 0/16 is again the longest matc h and the packet will use output interface #1. 03/03/12 35 Q4 †¢? 4. Is 6to4 tunneling automa0c? How many bits will be used for the subnet iden0? er? †¢? Yes, 6to4 automa0c tunnels are de? ned in RFC 3065. Sixteen bits are used for subnet ID. See Figure 9- ­? 9. 03/03/12 36 Q5 †¢? 5. Do the routers require IPv6 support to deliver packets between the two hosts? †¢? No. If IPv6 is not supported on the routers, 6to4 tunneling can be used to deliver packets. 03/03/12 37